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Date Posted: 11:25:07 05/02/17 Tue
Author: Knut Holt
Subject: LATIN PRONUNCIATION - learn the classical and mordern standarized pronunciation of Latin



To read about classical and standardized Latin pronunciation, please se further dowm.

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Classical and Modern Standardized Latin Pronunciation

By Knut Holt

In Latin the words were pronounced as written. So if you know the sound each letter stood for, you will know how to pronounce it in genuine Roman style.

THE CORRECT CLASSICAL LATIN PRONUNCIATION

The stops p,t,k (and c) were always pronounced the same way. The sounds were the same as the most usual pronounciation in English, but without the breath called aspiration, and therefore they sounded sharper, like the way they are pronounced in the Romance languages. The same is true about the stops b,d,g.

Latin uses the letter c instead of k in most words.

C was always pronounced as k, never as s.

"Ti" was pronounced "ti", never pronounced "tsi".

Ae was pronounced as the diphtong ai (like the i in the word "mine")

Oe was pronouced as the diphtong oi (like the oy in "boy")

Ui was a difting composed of a sound like in "cool" plus an i like in "pit".

R was a rolled thongue tip r, like the Italian r.

V was pronounced as English w. U after a consonant was also mostly pronounced as w. Qu was pronounced as kw. In old latin there was not any difference between the letters u and v. U and v were only two styles of writing the same letter. Sometimes you can encounter latin written this way, which sometimes makes it difficult to know how it shall be pronounced. But the letter will in this case mostly be pronounced u between two consonants, and w after a consonant and in the beginning of words.

J is pronounces as y in "yes". In old writing one often used an i instead of a j. In latin written in this style, i will mostly be pronounced i between two consonants, and j after a consonant and in the beginning of words.

In late latin m in the end of a word, was not prononced like m. but indicated a nasalization of the vowel before. But it is fine to prononce it as m, because this is the oldest way of pronouncing it.

If a consonant was written double, it was pronouced longer that a simple written consonant.

X indicated ks. Z was only used in greek loan words and indicated ts or ds.

y was most probably pronounces i by most Romans, but the correct pronounciation is like u in french "sur".

O was a clean vowel, not a diphtong, and was pronounced as the vowel in "more". I was always a clean vowel, lik in "pit". Likewise a was a clean vowel like in "calm". E was a clean vowel like in "bed", but perhaps a litttle narrower. U was a clean vowel like in "cool", but perhaps somewhat longer back in the mouth and somewhat narrower.

Latin vowels could be short or long, but this was not indicated in script, except in certain instances where a bar was placed over long vowels.

In latin words, the stress usually fell on the next to last syllable. If the third last syllable had a long vowel, that syllable got the stress.


THE STABNDARDIZED BUT INCORRECT PRONUNCIATION

During the middle ages and until quite recently, Latin was still used as a litteral and liturgical language. During this time the pronunciation of latin words underwent a gradual change, influenced by the pronunciation of Italian and French. At some time this classically incorrect pronunciation was standardized, and this standard is by now used by scientific communities, the Catholic church and for scientific words of latin origin in the daily language of so-called educated citizens. This standard is as follows:

Ae is pronounced like the "a" in "hat". Oe is pronounced "e" or as the "eu" in the French word "beurre".

C is pronounced as s before e, i, ae and oe. In Italia and by the Catholic church it is pronounced as the "ch" in the word "child". Elsewhere c is proniunced "k".

Ti is pronounced "tsi"

The difference between long and short vowels is mostly ignored.

V is pronouced "v", Qu is pronounced "kv", but in Italy and the Catholic church "kw".

Elswhere the pronunciation is like the classical Latin one.


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Knut Holt is a business consultant and marketer focusing on the health field. At his site there are more information about health and fitness. You can also find presentation of products to improve health, products to enhance sexual excitement, abilities and satisfaction, and of products in the categories hobby, automotive and apparel.

http://www.abicana.com/

This article is free to copy and reuse, as long as the above link follows the article



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In the following article you will find advices about how to hinder aging changes, how to fight back aging signs, how to increase your resistance against diseases and aboit general maintainance of beauty, condition and strength.

By Knut Holt

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How to Keep Yourself Young and Healthy

The aging process is for the greater part no mystery anymore. It consists for a great part of daily damages done on the macroscopic, tissue, cellular and genetic levels. These add up as the years are passing. These damages have specific causes like oxidating agents, sun beams, mechanical wear and tear, psychological stress, lack of some nutritional components and too much of others, like fat.

Another component of aging is the reduction of the telomere chains at the chromosome ends, as each cell division occurs. When these are shortened enough, cells stop dividing. However, the body has means to repair these ends again, with an enzyme called telomerase. The rapidity of the aging process depends on lack of efficiency in this repair process. The above mention aging causes also slow down this repair process.

The factors causing aging, also causes other diseases like cancer and coronary heart disease. Both aging and these diseases can in great extend be prevented with the knowledge possessed today, and the damages can in great extend be reversed. The components to achieve this are:

-Adequate daily food containing whole cereals, peas, beans, vegetables, fruit, fish, mushrooms, fouls and seafood, and with just a moderate amount of red meat.

-Just a moderate amount of fat.

-Ideally most fat one eats, should be of the type mono-unsaturated. One also needs some poly-unsaturated fat of the types omega-3, and omega 6, but not too much of omega-6. The consumption of saturated fat should be very little.

- In order to achieve right fat balance, most of the fat supply should come from sources like olive, peanuts, canola, fish, nuts, sun-flower, etc. Then you will get a good balance between mono-unsaturated fat (olive, canola, peanuts), poly-unsaturated fat of the omaga-3-type (fish) and poly-unsaturated fat of the omega-6-type (sunflower).

-Just a very moderate amount of butter, soy oil, margarine, corn oil and palm oil. A high consumption of these fat sources gives you too much saturated fat and poly-unsaturated omega-6-fat.

-Just a very moderate amount of sugar, refined flour or refined cereals.

-Do not add more salt to the food than you need. Most people consume too much salt. However, some salt is needed. If the weather is warm and you are in high activity, you need more salt than by cold weather and low activity. Prefer sea-salt, because of its content of valuable minerals.

-Just a moderate consumption of tranquilizers/stimulants as alcohol and caffeine, but in moderate amounts these contribute to slow down the aging process.

-No smoking or tobacco usage.

-Supplements of specific nutritional components like vitamins, minerals, lecithin and some essential fatty acids.

-Adequate training that both gives a muscular load, work up your condition and stretches out your body. To stretch out, yoga-exercises are ideal.

-Adequate rest and stress-reduction. Daily meditation is a method of achieving this. Natural relaxing agents or specific tools for meditation or relaxation may also be useful.

-Supplements of specific anti-aging agents like anti-oxidants or human growth hormone.

-Use of specific anti-aging agents to apply upon the skin surface.

-To protect the skin against excessive sun exposure.

The amount one needs of nutritional supplements, like vitamins and minerals, differs very much according to a person’s health condition, work load and exposure to environmental stress. A person having a poor digestion, doing high performance sport or being exposed to a high amount of environmental stressors, may need more than a person in an average situation.



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Knut Holt is an internet consultant and marketer focusing on health items. PLease see his web-site for information about health and fitness, and products to help for common diseases, for eks. skin problems, heart ailments, digestive trouble, hemorrhoids, allergy, over-weight, rheumatism, depression and more.

http://www.abicana.com

----Free to reprint with the author's name and link.

Source: http://www.eioba.com/a/1uh0/how-to-keep-yourself-young-and-healthy

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