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Date Posted: 02:00:46 08/18/02 Sun
Author: Òðåéòÿê
Subject: Re: Ãåðá Ôðàíö³¿?
In reply to: Ìàêñèì 's message, "Ãåðá Ôðàíö³¿?" on 09:41:30 08/17/02 Sat

Äóæå äÿêóþ çà äîâ³äêó-ïîñèëàííÿ!
Ç íàâåäåíîãî òåêñòó ìîæíà ïîáà÷èòè, ùî öåé ñèìâîë ñóïðîâîäæóâàâ óñþ ³ñòîð³þ ðåñïóáë³êàíñüêî¿ Ôðàíö³¿.
À òå, ùî ÿ ïîâàæàâ ôðàíöóçüêèì ãåðáîì (òàì íå ò³ëüêè fascio), âèÿâèëîñÿ ëèøå îô³ö³éíîþ åìáëåìîþ Ôðàíö³¿ ÕÕ ñò. - âîíà çãàäóºòüñÿ â îñòàííüîìó ðå÷åíí³. Âèä³ëåííÿ â òåêñò³ ìî¿:



 èþëüñêèå äíè 1789 ãîäà âîññòàâøèå ïàðèæàíå íàøèâàëè êîêàðäû, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðàñöâåòêå ãîðîäñêîãî ïàðèæñêîãî çíàìåíè. Íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ìîíàðõèÿ åùå ñîõðàíÿëàñü, è ê ñèíå-êðàñíîìó çíàìåíè Ïàðèæà ïðèáàâèëàñü áåëàÿ ìîíàðõè÷åñêàÿ ëåíòà. Íà çíàìåíàõ ðåâîëþöèîííîé íàöèîíàëüíîé ãâàðäèè ñî÷åòàëèñü ñ òåõ ïîð òðè öâåòà, ïîëîæèâøèå íà÷àëî ñîâðåìåííîìó ôðàíöóçñêîìó òðèêîëåðó: â ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ïî óãëàì ïîëîòíèùà ñèíèõ è êðàñíûõ ïðÿìîóãîëüíèêàõ èçîáðàæàëèñü ïàðóñíûå êîðàáëèêè ãåðáà Ïàðèæà, ïðèíÿòîãî â 1385 ãîäó, à òàêæå íîâàÿ ðåñïóáëèêàíñêàÿ ýìáëåìà äðåâíå-ðèìñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ—“ëèêòîðñêèé ïó÷îê” (òàê íàçûâàþò òîïîð à ñâÿçêå ïðóòüåâ, êîòîðûé áûë ñèìâîëîì âëàñòè äîëæíîñòíûõ ëèö â Äðåâíåì Ðèìå).  îáðàçîâàííîì íà ïîëîòíèùå êðàñíûìè è ñèíèìè ïðÿìîóãîëüíèêàìè áåëîì êðåñòå ïîìåùàëèñü ëèëèè è íàäïèñè: “Êîðîëü. Çàêîí. Ñâîáîäà. Îòå÷åñòâî”. Ëèêòîðñêèé ïó÷îê áûë ïåðâîé ýìáëåìîé Ôðàíöóçñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè ïîñëå îòìåíû ïðåæíåãî êîðîëåâñêîãî ãåðáà.  1804 ãîäó Íàïîëåîí ñòàë èìïåðàòîðîì Ôðàíöèè. Ïðè ýòîì ôëàã èç òðåõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ ïîëîñ ñ ñèíåé ïîëîñîé ó äðåâêà, ââåäåííûé â ìàå 1794 ãîäà âñåãî çà äâà ìåñÿöà äî ïîðàæåíèÿ ðåâîëþöèè, íå èçìåíèëñÿ. Îäíàêî ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ãåðáîì ñòàë çîëîòîé îðåë ñ ïó÷êîì ìîëíèé â ëàïàõ íà ôîíå ñèíåãî äèñêà, îêðóæåííîãî öåïüþ ó÷ðåæäåííîãî â 1802 ãîäó îðäåíà Ïî÷åòíîãî ëåãèîíà. Äèñê ïîìåùàëñÿ íà ôîíå ñêðåùåííûõ ñêèïåòðîâ è óñåÿííîé ï÷åëàìè (ëè÷íàÿ ýìáëåìà Íàïîëåîíà) ìàíòèè ñ êîðîíîé. Ïîñëå ðåñòàâðàöèè áóðáîíñêîé ìîíàðõèè â 1814 ãîäó áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû äîðåâîëþöèîííûå êîðîëåâñêèé ôëàã è ãåðá. Ýòîò ãåðá íåìíîãî îòëè÷àëñÿ îò ñòàðîãî: ùèò ñòàë îâàëüíûì,áûëè óáðàíû ùèòîäåðæàòåëè. È âíîâü êîðîëåâñêóþ ñèìâîëèêó ñìåëà ðåâîëþöèÿ 1830 ãîäà. Îíà ïðîõîäèëà ïîä ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèì òðåõöâåòíûì ôëàãîì, êîòîðûé ñíîâà ñòàë îôèöèàëüíûì. Òåì íå ìåíåå ìîíàðõèÿ âî Ôðàíöèè ñîõðàíèëàñü, ëèøü Áóðáîíîâ ñìåíèëà ðîäñòâåííàÿ èì Îðëåàíñêàÿ äèíàñòèÿ. Ïîýòîìó è íîâûì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ãåðáîì ñòàë ôàìèëüíûé ãåðá Îðëåàíîâ. Âïðî÷åì, óæå ÷åðåç ãîä îí áûë çàìåíåí ñèíèì ùèòîì ñ òåêñòîì êîíñòèòóöèè 1830 ãîäà.  1832 ãîäó â Ïàðèæå è ñïóñòÿ äâà ãîäà â Ëèîíå âñïûõíóëè ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèå âîññòàíèÿ. Îíè ïðîõîäèëè ïîä êðàñíûìè çíàìåíàìè. Êðàñíûå çíàìåíà ïîäíÿë íàðîä è â ðåâîëþöèè 1848 ãîäà. Ýìáëåìîé ðåñïóáëèêè 1848—1852 ãîäà ñòàë ïîïóëÿðíûé â íàðîäå îáðàç — ãàëëüñêèé ïåòóõ, ðåçíàÿ ôèãóðêà êîòîðîãî óêðàøàëà äðåâêî îôèöèàëüíûõ ôëàãîâ ñ 1830 ãîäà. Ïîñëå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ìîíàðõèè íà òðîíå îêàçàëñÿ Íàïîëåîí II, è ýòî ïðèâåëî ê âîçâðàùåíèþ ïîäçàáûòîãî óæå íàïîëåîíîâñêîãî ãåðáà. Åäèíñòâåííîå îòëè÷èå çàêëþ÷àëîñü â òîì, ÷òî îðåë èçîáðàæàëñÿ óæå íå íà äèñêå, à íà ùèòå. Òàêîé ãåðá ïðîäåðæàëñÿ äî î÷åðåäíîãî ïàäåíèÿ ìîíàðõèè.  1871 ãîäó áûëà ïðîâîçãëàøåíà Ïàðèæñêàÿ êîììóíà. Äâà ìåñÿöà íàä ñòîëèöåé Ôðàíöèè ðàçâåâàëîñü êðàñíîå çíàìÿ. Ïîñëå ïàäåíèÿ Êîììóíû ýòè ôëàãè âíîâü çàìåíèëè íà òðåõöâåòíûå.  ñåìèäåñÿòûå ãîäû ïîÿâèëàñü è íîâàÿ ýìáëåìà Ôðàíöóçñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè: çîëîòûå áóêâû åå íàçâàíèÿ íà ñèíåì îâàëå, îêðóæåííîì ëàâðîâûì âåíêîì, îðäåíîì Ïî÷åòíîãî ëåãèîíà, äâóìÿ íàöèîíàëüíûìè ôëàãàìè, ëèêòîðñêèì ïó÷êîì è âåòâÿìè îëèâû è äóáà.  äâàäöàòûå ãîäû íûíåøíåãî ñòîëåòèÿ ýìáëåìà áûëà âèäîèçìåíåíà. Âìåñòî îâàëà ïðèíÿò ùèò öâåòîâ ôðàíöóçñêîãî ôëàãà, íà êîòîðîì ïîìåùàëèñü òå æå áóêâû, ëèêòîðñêèé ïó÷îê, âåòâè îëèâû è äóáà. ãîäû âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû Ôðàíöèþ îêêóïèðîâàëà ôàøèñòñêàÿ Ãåðìàíèÿ.  þæíîé ÷àñòè ñòðàíû îáðàçîâàëîñü ìàðèîíåòî÷íîå ôðàíöóçñêîå ãîñóäàðñòâî ìàðøàëà À. Ô. Ïåòåíà ñî ñòîëèöåé â ãîðîäå Âèøè. Ñâîåé ýìáëåìîé ñòàâëåííèê Ãèòëåðà èçáðàë òîïîð ñ äâóìÿ ëåçâèÿìè, ðó÷êîé êîòîðîãî ñëóæèë ìàðøàëüñêèé æåçë. Ôëàã îñòàâàëñÿ ïðåæíèì. ×òîáû îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò “âèøèñòîâ”, ôðàíöóçñêèå ïàòðèîòû, îáúåäèíèâøèåñÿ â äâèæåíèå “Ñâîáîäíàÿ Ôðàíöèÿ” (ñ 1942 ãîäà — “Ñðàæàþùàÿñÿ Ôðàíöèÿ') âî ãëàâå ñ ãåíåðàëîì äå Ãîëëåì, ïîìåùàëè â öåíòðå òðåõöâåòíîãî ôëàãà êðàñíûé ëîòàðèíãñêèé êðåñò. Ïîìåùåííûé íà ùèòå öâåòîâ ôðàíöóçñêîãî ôëàãà, îí ÿâëÿëñÿ ýìáëåìîé “Ñâîáîäíîé Ôðàíöèè”. Ïîñëå îñâîáîæäåíèÿ Ôðàíöèè òðèêîëåð âíîâü ñòàë ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì è íàöèîíàëüíûì ôëàãîì, à â 1953 ãîäó îôèöèàëüíî óòâåðæäåíà âèäîèçìåíåííàÿ ýìáëåìà îáðàçöà 1929 ãîäà. Ïîýòîìó íàðÿäó ñ èçîáðàæåíèåì Ìàðèàííû ëèêòîðñêèé ïó÷îê ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ñèìâîëîì Ôðàíöèè, åå ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî ñòðîÿ. Âåòâè äóáà è îëèâû íà ñèíåì îâàëå — ñèìâîëû äîñòîèíñòâà è ñëàâû. Íàäïèñü íà ôðàíöóçñêîì ÿçûêå ãëàñèò — “Ñâîáîäà. Áðàòñòâî. Ðàâåíñòâî”.



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