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Date Posted: 11:21:18 05/30/07 Wed
Author: Marcela
Subject: task 3

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Faculdade de Letras
Produção de texto
Professora: Adriana Tenuta
Aluna: Marcela de Menezes França.

Brazilian literature overview


Brazil, as many other countries or cultures passed through several different literary styles. All of them related to the context the society was inserted, reflecting what was happening in the country’s economy, policy, social condition of life and other aspects at a certain epoch . It is possible to classify Brazilian literature into eight styles: Quinhentismo(1500 - 1601), Barroco(1602 - 1768), Arcadismo (1769-1836), Romantismo (1836 - 1881), Realismo(1881 – 1893), Simbolismo and Pré-modernismo (1893 – 1902), Modernismo (1922 – 1945) and Pós modernismo and Literatura contemporânea.
The firts style, Quinhentismo, is known as having an informative literature. Brasil had just become a Portuguese colony and the people from portugal that came to Brazil started to discribe this new land, its fauna and its flora, writing letters in order to inform the Portuguese king about it. Many of these discriptions were not really important because of the literature itself, but because of its historical moment. An example of this discription is when in his letter, the writer Pero vaz de Caminha mentions that although it was not possible yet to identify if there were gold and silver, or other type of metal,this land was a beautiful place.
The following style was called Barroco. It comes from the renaissance’s crisis of values. In this period, religious fights were taking place. The men found themselves in an umballanced and tense moment. The way they found to express that in literature was overusing figures in speech like metaphors, antithesis, hyperbole and allegories, producing exaustive and ornamented writings. An important writer was Gregorio de Matos Guerra. Gregório was a very polemic writer. At the same time he wrote about the beuty of lady Angela, “An Angel’s name, an angelic face”, he was also known as the mouth of hell, because of his satiric writing about the church, the government and all classes of people. The priest Antônio Vieira also contributed to this period with his impressive sermons.
Sequently, comes Arcadismo. It is remarkable for its simplicity in writings, differently from Barroco(famous for its ornamented writings), and for the idealisation of country life. Now the religion was not so important anymore. The monarchy is in decadence and the burgeois’ values are reinforced. Bucolism and Carpe Diem are also related to this style. The main writers at this moment were Alvarenga Peixoto, Basílio da Gama, Cláudio Manuel da Costa, Santa Rita Durão, Silva Alvarenga, Sousa Caldas and Tomás Antônio Gonzaga.
There comes a style related to love, loneliness, a style that is a reaction against the rationalization of nature. The man also cultivates this idealisation of society, love and woman. It is called Romantismo. The establishment of a Brazilian national identity is also part of this style. This leads to a necessity to be extremely patriot. Furthermore, that was a moment when Brazil became an independent country. Some Important authors during this period were Gonçalves dias, Álvares de Azevedo, Casimiro de Abreu, Castro alves and José de Alencar. They produced many poems and romantic novels in a short time.
Realismo is a style that came in response to Romantismo. While the first was totally into idealization, the second would be related to the depiction of the reality. It was an impersonal, materialistic style, and also against the burgeois. There were no more romantic novels. These writings became realistic. Famous writers in Brazil at that moment were Machado de Assis, Arthur Azevedo, and Raul Pompéia.
The two following leterary trends were Simbolismo and Pré-modernismo. Both appeared simultaneously. The first one, in contrast to Realismo, is not an objective style, once it rescues Romantismo’s subjectiveness. This was the metaphisics and spiritual trend. Sinesthesia could be found in poems. They were also about dreams, uncounsciouness, soul and madness. A very important writer was Cruz e Souza. The other style, Pré-modernismo came with writers who wanted to denounce The Brazilian reality.Some of them were Euclides da Cunha, Lima barrto and Graça Aranha.
In 1922, folowing European trends, a week of art took place in São Paulo. That was a very important period, once it was a manifestation of the introduction of the avant garde movement in to the Brazilian cultural production. It was the the beginning of Modernismo. This literary style can be divided into two generations: The first one(1930 – 1945) is related to the search of a cultural identity, of the Brazilian roots. This was the moment of nacionalim.Some writers at this moment of Modernismo were Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Manuel Bandeira, Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade. The second generation came more mature and deeper .It was also more critical. Some important writers were Carlos Drummond de Andrade , Cecília Meireles, Murilo Mendes, Jorge Amado and Gracilianos Ramos.
Finally, there comes Pós-modernismo bringing free vers, freedom for writing, novels get a psychological approch,short stories are developed , Speech is represented in writings , there is no pattern . That is a moment of freedom in Literature extended till nowadays.Some writers are Ariano Suassuna, Clarice Linspector, Guimarães Rosa, Nelson Rodrigues, Adélia Prado, Carlos Heitor Cony, Chico Buarque de Holanda and Fernando Sabino.
In summary , Brazilian literature is basically divided into eight literay styles. It is a interesting to notice that the styles in general were all influenced by Europe. However,since Brazil is a peculiar country, with its own history, as other countries, it adapted the styles to its culture, its reality , transforming them into specific and different styles from their origin. This became clearer in 1922 , in Modernismo. The influence was very strong. However, the topic was the Brazilian cultural identity. These trends, all of them, from quinhentismo to pós-modernismo, have been reflecting the Brazilian reality, and adapting to it even coming from other cultures.

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