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keep the board alive -- saira, 12:42:13 01/14/07 Sun
i just noticed that people still use this board, which is awesome. ap students, keep using it. the board started in 2001 when we were trifiro's students, but continued on in 2002 when we were dartonians. the info on here is still good, & you guys should keep up the tradition. darton loved this site.
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Activity -- k, 15:36:45 10/25/06 Wed
I don't know if any of the '02 class still checks this site... But I am in AP history now and was wondering what it took your class to put this thing all together... or if you would mind if we just started adding to the content a bit... I really think that it would help our class to have something like this... especially now that AP is under new management after the sad sad news last Friday :'( . We all miss Darton very much.
alright, thanks
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tight -- zizzle, 12:21:50 11/30/05 Wed
you are tight
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james k polk -- jamie, 19:24:40 10/14/04 Thu
hey im supposed to figure out why James K. Polk spoke about how important it was to have an economical government.... if anyone is there to answer my question that would be amazing... ~jamie
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townshed acts -- michelle, 13:01:38 10/13/04 Wed
hey im doing a homework assignment for american history and i found this sight. im suppose to do a crossword puzzle and the clues "an agreement in which colonists promised to stop bringing in goods to the colonies that are taxed by the townshed acts". so far in the crossword i have n_ _i_p_r_a_ _ _n_ _r_ _ _e_ts. i know its long and im pretty sure its more than one word i just cant figure it out so someone please help.
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Stupid -- Kim, 08:07:09 12/15/03 Mon
well you wanna know what Y'all all stupid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Darton the history Pioneer -- hahahahahahahahahahaha, 16:27:51 12/12/03 Fri
I found this stupid sight lookin for hippies and this came out so since i have darton in this present time i must say all u guys on this sight are gay assholes plus
Burrrrr Dartons famous saying he is the man im sure he is a god damn hippie too but thats cool darton its all good home slice
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+ Save 75% on printer ink! Click Here! -- LowCostInk, 12:59:42 10/05/03 Sun
Don't keep paying for inkjet cartridges when you can refill them for a fraction
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reguarding this web site -- jake, 12:45:47 12/16/02 Mon
this site is so stupid I don't understand why when I type up a tpoic thats not what I get in return.
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who beat mr. darton at his own game? -- marcos did!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!, 11:19:21 07/18/02 Thu
'cause I've
got a five.
that was the shortest ap poem written, by the way.
and the 5 in psych puts the icing on the cake.
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close encounters of the dartonesque kind -- marcos, 15:41:18 07/15/02 Mon
all right, so i'm at the library returning my younger sister's books, and who do I see but mr. darton himself!
as i was chatting with him about my scores (didn't know them) and various other subjects, i couldn't help noticing that something was odd about him. something peculiar and different...
then as we finished talking and he turned around, i realized it!
HE CUT OFF HIS PONYTAIL!!!!!!!!
i was too surprised to ask him why. the traumatic effects still haven't left me...
i will keep that image in the back of my head for the rest of my life!
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the board is dead, long live the board -- marcos, 09:19:04 05/11/02 Sat
this board is useless now that the test is over...
so it's history!
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do it up -- saira, 17:30:01 04/28/02 Sun
this is a link courtesy of matt-face.
it looked good to me.
http://www.ced.appstate.edu/whs/id/
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the last of 25-28...finally... -- maggie, 02:15:09 04/26/02 Fri
319. "sooners"- people who illegally squatted on the best pieces of land in the Oklahoma Territory.
320. two perceived enemies of farmers- mechanization of agriculture and being chained to one crop farming
321. greenback labor party- party for the farmers, to voice their grievances. was to improve the lot of labor. in 1878 they polled over 1 million votes and elected 14 members of congress.
322. billion $ congress- under "czar" reed, in 1890, was the first congress in peacetime to appropriate a billion dollars out
323. sherman anti-trust act- helped to quiet the mounting uproar against bloated corporations
324. sherman silver purchase act- rectified the bland-allison law of 1878 and made it so that the government was to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay for it in notes redeemable in silver or gold.
325. mckinley tariff- boosted rates to 48.4% on dituiable goods. was highest peacetime tariff yet and disposed of the goverment surplus by giving a bounty of 2 cents a pound to U.S. sugar producers
326. treasury surplus- taking in more from seling land- tariff was a long term result was a cause for deflation, made it tough for the poorer opeople of the nation.
327. treasury deficit-gold reserve shrank to $41 million country was in danger ofhaving to go off the goldstandard, gov spending more, more $ in circulation, with inflation.
328. pullman strike- 1894, eugene v. debs engineered american railway union with 150,000 members. the pullman palace car company cut 1/3 of the orkers out and they struck, stopping railway traffic from chicago to the pacific coast.
329. homestead steel strike- homestead penn. against carniegie steel mill. people were killed, violence ensued, pinkertons were brought in, before harrison's time
330. j.p. morgan gold deal- lent the govermnet $65 million in gold and charged a commission amounting to to about $7 million.
331. jcob coxley- wealthy ohio quarry owner who marched on washington in 1894 with a score of his supporters- wanted the govermnet to relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program supported by the treasury
332. wilson-gorman tariff- revamped with over 630 amendments, had an income tax and many many unfavorable pieces. was vetoed after being in ieistence only a year.
333. cross of gold speech- william jennings bryan, democratic candidate for president, lost elections even though he was "savior" of the "common man"
334. 6 party systems -
1st part- federalist/republican clashes embraces.
2nd- jacksonian ra, democrats v. whigs
3rd- equilibrium between republicans and dems. high electorial participation
4th- republican dominance, voter reduction, industrial regulation important
5- FDR's "New Deal" iniated democratic ascendency
6th- liberalism, the 1970's
7th- post regan, state bad, low voter turnout, constant economy, social reform
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hello again, found another one... -- tina, 20:13:51 04/25/02 Thu
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/1070/ushistory/cards.html
this one is cool, it has all the main terms as notecards, and they're pretty elaborate. hope it helps! (can anyone tell I'm just about panicking right now, about this god forsaken AP History exam?!)
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hey, I found a cool website... -- tina, 20:10:37 04/25/02 Thu
http://college.hmco.com/history/us/bailey/american_pageant/11e/students/ace/index.html
this website is by the authors of our history book, and you can take little quizzes after each chapter to make sure you're getting all the right information. Sounded like something useful, that's why i posted. Ok, I'm off to bed now. Bye bye.
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hey yo, 1-59 of the last thing we got in class... -- maggie, 17:18:32 04/25/02 Thu
1. london conference- 1933, revealed how roosevelt’s roreign policy was intertwined with domestic recovery. Was an attack on global depression.
2. recognition of the soviet union- 1933. sixteen years after they began the ussr. Formally recognized.
3. good neighbor policy- under fdr accented consultation and nonintervention
4. reciprocal trade agreement- to life American export trade from the depression. Avoided wholesale tariff revision. Passed in 1934, it was landmark legislation- broke traditional high-tariff policies.
5. Johnson debt default act- 1934. congress passed the Johnson debt default act- prevented debt dodging nations from borrowing further in the u.s.
6. neutrality acts- 1935, 1936 and 1937. stated when president declared the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would go automatically into effect.
7. quarantine speech- 1937 given by Roosevelt in Chicago
8. Spanish civil war- 1936-1939. was bad for neutrality-by-legislation. U.S. remained neutral.
9. munich pact- “munich” means appeasement in german. Was in 1938. germany got sventenland to keep peace.
10. non aggression pact- Hitler v. stalin. Made a pact to work together against u.s. held up for almost two years until Hitler broke it and fought against the Russians.
11. cash and carry- from neutrality act of 1939. European democracies could buy American war products but had to ship it themselves.
12. lend lease- numbered bill 1776, was “an act to further promote the defense of the united states” concept was to send guns, not sons, overseas would send a limitless supply of arms overseas.
13. destroyer for bases deal- under FDR. We gave destroyers to England and the allies before we entered WWII so we would have access to bases overseas. [my dadoo helped me out with this one.]
14. atlantic charter- 8 points. Formally accepted by Roosevelt and Churchill and endorsed by the ussr. Outlined the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war’s end. Supported self-determination.
15. korematusu v. U.S.- 1944. wartime supreme court upheld the Japanese relocation that occurred during the war. Wasn’t until 1988 that the u.s. government officially apologized for its actions.
16. war production bd. Snapped u.s. economy into attention. Pulled forth 40 million bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000 ships, 86,000 tanks and 2.6 million machine guns. Halted manufacturing of non-essential items.
17. office of price administration- with their extensive regulations they brought the high inflationary prices under control. Rationing occurred this time around.
18. war labor bd.- imposed ceiling on wage increases to guard against all the u.s. inflationary methods successful.
19. smith-connally act- 1943. anti-strike act passed by congress authorizing the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries, strike against federal government operated businesses were declared illegal.
20. waacs/waves/spars- waacs-army waves- navy spars- coast guard. Were women’s divisions of war forces. 216,000 women were recruited by the armed services for WWII.
21. FEPC- fair employment practices commission. FDR created to stop discrimination in defense industries.
22. CORE.NAACP- congress of racial equality. National association for the advancement of colored people. 2 big organizations for racial equality.
23. economic effect of WWII- pulled country out of depression. Gross national product doubled from 1940-45. debt also greatly skyrocketed- 49 billion in 1941 to 259 billion in 1945.
24. office of scientific research and development- channeled millions into university based scientific research establishing a partnership between government and schools.
25. coral sea/midway- 1942. crucial naval battle- u.s and Australian forces inflected heavy losses on the Nipponese. Midway was another huge u.s. aircraft success- we bombed the shit outta them.
26. island hopping/leapfrogging- the u.s. navy’s jumping around of the Japanese islands. Would jump from island to island, capturing the small and bombing the big from there.
27. population shifts in the u.s.- back to the suburbs, major exiting of cities.
28. battle of the atlantic- spring 1943. turned around- allies clearly now had upper-hand against the german u-boats.
29. d-day- june 6, 1944. 4600 vessels invaded was v. bloody though several beaches were taken. Air over france was already controlled by the u.s.
30. employment act of 1946- made it government policy to “promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power” created the council of economic powers.
31. g.i. bill- serviceman’s readjustment act of 1944. made generous provisions for sending former soldiers to school.
32. Levittown- made by george Levittown, strictly controlled housing with millions moving into suburban housing developments.
33. sunbelt- loose geographical concept for greatly increasing populations of many states in the southern area after WWII.
34. baby boom- great increase in population. By the end of the 1950’s more than 50 million babies were born.
35. white flight- moving to the green suburbs from the inner cities. Left inner cities black, brown and broke
36. yalta conference- 1945. big three met on the black sea. Decided to fashion a UN Russia agree to go to war against Japan
37. Bretton Woods/ IMF/World Bank- 1947 bretton woods new Hampshire established the international monetary fund and founded the world bank to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas.
38. berlin blockade/airlife- Russians abruptly choked off all rail and highway access to berlin to starve out the allies. 1948.
39. george kennan- a brilliant young diplomat and soviet specialist- creator of the containment doctrine. Held that Russia, whether xzarist or communist, was relentlessly expansionary.
40. Truman doctrine- march 12, 1947. Truman went before congress and requested support. Asked for $400 million to bolster Greece and turkey.
41. NATO- north atlantic treaty organization. 1952 had 14 members. Wanted to have a joint-army built up for defensive purposes.
42. senator joseph mccarthy- a Wisconsin republican, charged that there were scores of known communists in the department of state.
43. house committee onun-american activites- established in 1938, investigated subversion
44. mccarran internal securities act- 1950, veoted by Truman, authorized the president to arrest and detain any suspicious persons during an international security emergency.
45. dixiecrats- embittered southern democrats, avid anti-trumanites
46. fair deal- 1949. Truman message to congress. Called for badly needed housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA’s and an extension of social security.
47. Korean war background/outcome- korea divided in half. Major problems with Russia/u.s. fighting.
48. mccarthyism- anti-redism. V. big to-do. Was on tv for all the trials…a modern day witchunt for communism.
49. brown v. board of ed.- may 1954. justices ruled that segregation in the public schools was inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional.
50. little rock- Arkansas. National guard had to be sent out to escort black students into the high school. Was enforced integration.
51. civil rights bill of 1957- set up a permanent civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.
52. SCLC/SNCC- southern Christian leadership conference/ student non-violent coordinating committee
53. sit ins- peaceful rallies for racial equality. Occurred throughout the south, drawing thousands to them.
54. Eisenhower doctrine- approved by congress in 1957. formally empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to the nations of the middle east
55. national defense highway act- a Truman organization, used tons of $ to finance highways
56. containment- of communism- said it was negative and immoral.
57. roll back- secretary of state dulles promised not merely to stem communism but to get rid of its effects as well
58. SEATO- southeast asia treaty organization- 8 members, was put together in 1954 and was a pale imitation of nato
59. Geneva accords- Vietnam. Ends French involment in Vietnam and divides it into two countries. People were allowed to move freely and in 1956 free elections were supposed to be held to reunite the country. South Vietnam and the U.S. never signed it.
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next twenty from 25-28 -- magda, 02:06:11 04/25/02 Thu
298. social darwinish- survival of the fittest.
299. chautaugua movement- launched 1874 on shores of lakechautaugua organizers had great success with public lectures, was for public schooling and education for the masses.
300. views of booker t. washington- wanted blacks to gain self-respect and merit a position of economical equality with whites but didn't believe in social equality.
301. views of w.e.b. du bois- was a snob of sorts. believed people like booker t. washington to be condemning their race to inequality. thought blacks should have the same rights as whites.
302. morill act of 186- provided a generous grant to fht epublic lands to the states for support of education.
303. joseph pulitzer- huges newspaper man, had "yellow journalism" his paper was the new york world.
304. william randolph hearst- pulitzers competitor. had been expelled from harvard for a prank. built up the san francisco examiner with his fathers' millions.
305. henry george- a journalist, an original thinker, wrote progress and poverty said a single 100% tax on windfair protifts would eliminate unfair inequalitites and stimulate economic growth.
306. edward bellamy- journalist- reformer. 1888. published looking backward. was a socialist and very popular after his novel.
307. horatio alger- "holy horatio" puritan reared new englander. 1866 forsook the pulpit for the pen. wrote over 100 volumes of juvenile fiction, sold over 100 million copies.
308. comstock laws- 1873 federal status- against immoral or crude pictures, films, movies, etc, v. moraled
309. WCTU- woman's christian temperence union. was opposed to alcohol, favored women's suffrage.
310. sand creek massacre- colorado, 1864, colonel j.m. chivington's militia massacred about 400 indians who thought they had been promised immunity. the people were mutilated, tortured, scalped, treated v. horribly.
311. chief joseph-" i will fight no more forever" chief of the nez perce indians. he undertook a retreat 1500 miles to canada, was cornered 30 miles from saftey.
312. helen hunt jackson- author of a century of dishonor 1891 called attention to the record of the governments bad treatment of the indians. drew great attention to the issue.
313. wounded knee- 1890. about 290 indians, doing the sun dance that had been outlawed by the gov. were massacred by soldiers.
314. homestead act of 1862- a settler can acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it 5 years, improving it, and paying a fee. land can also be acquired after 6 months by living on it,paying $1.25 an acre. only 1/3rd of homesteaders succeeded.
315. dawes act- 1887. dissolved tribes' rights as legal entities, wiped out tribal owndership of land and set up individual fammily heads with 160 acres that could be theirs "if they behaved"
316. comstock lode- a fantastic amount of gold and silver- worth more than $340 million- was found in nevada and mined from 1860 to 1890.
317. changes in mining- big business came into mining. a gold differ turned to instructing machinery as big machines were brought into do extensive work.
318. joseph glidden- 1874. invented a superior type of barbed wire and in 1883 his company was turning out 600 miles of the stuff a day.
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the first half of 25-28...other half will come in time. -- mags, 17:54:14 04/24/02 Wed
i'm trying to type up as much as i can of this section...but it would be a major plus if someone could work on the others. there really isn't too much to do. k. here we go.
257. union pacific railroad- commissioned by congress, went from omaha, nebraska to california. for each mile constructed twenty square miles were granted along with a generous money grant. majority of workers were irish.
258. central pacific railroad- pushed eastward from sacramento. backed by the big four, hired 10,000 chinese laborers.
259. pacific railroad act- right to build the railroads. passed during the civil war and put into effect after the war was over.
260. credit mobilier- a crooked construction company, pocketed 73 million for only 50 million worth of construction. bribed congressmen to look the other way.
261. northern pacific r.r.- went from lake superior to puget sound reached its termenus from 1883.
262. great northern r.r.- only railroad not to recieve federal land grants, completed in 1893, from duluth to seattle, was the creation of james j. hill.
263. southern pacific r.r.- completed in 1884, went from new orleans to los angeles
264. atchison topeka and santa fe r.r.- went from atchison to topeka to santa fe, was completed in 1884.
265. cornelius vanderbilt- big man in the steamboating business, then transferred to railroads. standardized the steal rail.
266. c.f. dowd- creator of standard time zones because the railroads needed exact times. late 1870's, early 1880's.
267. jay gould- big man in the credit mobilier, for nearly 30 years boomed and busted the various different railroads
268. stock watering- railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given lines' assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds for in excess of the railroads actual profit.
269. pool- an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
270. trust- large, agressive solidation of various different areas in a business. were often unfair and haggled the customers. overpriced and very bad in business for the common man.
271. grange- an organized agrarian group, put great pressure on midwestern legislatures to try to regulate the railroad monopoly.
272. munn v. illinois- munn said gov. could regulate property in the best interest of the state.
273. wabash b. illinois- individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce, ruled in 1886 by the supreme court.
274. interstate commerce act- in 1887, passed by congress establishing the prohibition of rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly.
275. richard olney- one of the leading corporation lawyers of the day, noted that the interstate commerce act could be made of great use to the railroads.
276. andrew carnegie- the steel king, integrated every phase of the steel-making operation- pioneered vertical integration.
277. john d. rockefeller- the oil baron- utilized the horizontal integration method- consolidate with competitors to monopolize a given market. perfected the trust.
278. j. p. morgan- the bankers' banker. eliminated competition ruthlessly. would consolidate rival banks and put his own officers on their board of directors.
279. vertical integration- combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.
280. horizontal integration- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a given market.
281. bessemer process- invented in the 1850's, was a cheap method of making steel- cold air on red-hot iron caused it to be white whot, eliminating impurities.
282. u.s. steel corporation- america's first billion-dollar corporation, remade by j.p. morgan after he bought out carnegie for 400 million.
283. effect on women- more women in the work force, families smaller, not started until much later. increased enrolement in college's- by 1900, 1 in 4 graduates was a woman.
284. sherman anti-trust act- 1890, forbade combinations of restraint of trade but made no distinction between "good" and "bad" trusts. bigness was the sin.
285. pittsburgh plus system- economic discrimination within the steel industry. birmingham steel, which should have been cheap, was charged a fictional fee because of the complaints of pittsburg steel tycoons. they demanded, and won the consession, that all steel should be charged sky-high pittsburgh shipping prices.
286. national labor union- organized in 1866, lasted 6 years and had 600,000 members- skilled, unskilled and farmers. its keynote was social reform and won workers the 8-hour day. the depression of the 1870's killed the union.
287. knights of labor- noble and holy order of the knights of labor, begun 1869 as a secret society. was a big force to be reckoned with. only liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers and stockbrokers were excluded from their ranks.
288. american federation of labor- 1886, child of samuel gompers, consisted of an association of self-governing national unions with their own independence and the a.f.l. unifying their overal strategy.
289. elements of city life- by 1900 4 out of 10 americans lived in cities. nyc was 3.5 million people strong, second largest next to london. cities were growing up and out- but were very dity and crime was on the rise.
290. old immigrants- fitted easily into the american way of life, from north and western europe, more accepted on the whole. often spoke english and agreed with democracies policies.
291. new immigrants- from southern and eastern europe, often very poor with high illiteracy rates, didn't speak the language and came from countries with dictatorships and very orthadox churches.
292. social gospel- churches tackle the social issues of the day and age in their preaching. rauschenbusch and gladden ruled the field.
293. jane addams- started the hull house, was an urban american saint, offered immigrants and the impoverished instruction in english, counseling to help cope with big-city life, childcare services and cultural activities.
294. florence kelley- lifelong battler for women, children, blacks and consumers. was secretary of the national consumers league for thirty years.
295. lilliam wald- opened henry street settlement in new york, 1893.
296. nativism- antirforeignism. reared out again in the 1880's.
297. chinese exclusion act- 1882. chinese were barred completely from entering the united states. first major immigration law like this.
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#66-89 ALL DONE - I FILLED IN THE BLANKS - SORRY IT'S LATE -- lynette, 16:21:52 04/24/02 Wed
Consumer Culture –
Peace Corps – JFK’s invention, army of idealistic & mostly youthful volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries
Berlin Wall – August 1961, USSR built it, post WWII division of Europe into 2 hostile camps
Bay of Pigs – April 1961, 1200 exiles back to Cuba to revolt, defeated by Castro’s Air Force, no popular uprising, JFK took full responsibility, exiled ransomed for $62 million worth of US drugs & supplies
Missile crisis – October 1962, RS installed missiles in Cuba, US had naval quarantine of Cuba, any attack on US would trigger attack on RS heartland, October 28th compromise, US end quarantine & not invade & take some missiles from Turkey, RS would pull back
Freedom Riders – started in ’60, to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers, civil rights movement, protected by federal marshals
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Aug 64 NV fired upon US destroyers, LBJ forced resolution, it gave pres blank check for force in Southeast Asia
Office of Economic Opportunity – doubled to $2 billion, given to students & parochial institutions, Congress’s goals to redevelop Appalachia & to aid elementary and secondary education
Medicare – created in 65 to protect elderly from high medical costs
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – gov’t got more muscle to enforce desegregation, prohibited racial discrimination
Civil Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed literacy tests & sent federal voter registrars into southern states
Pueblo – NK seized US intelligence ship in January 68, antiwar demonstrations & feeling grew
George Wallace – carried ticket of the American Independent party in ‘68, former governor of Alabama, pro-segregation, pro-bombing-North-Vietnam-back-into-the-Stone-Age
Free Speech Movement –
Counter culture/hippie/New Left – divided 2 distinct eras, launched in youthful idealism, many reform movements died in violence & cynicism, peaceful civil rights demonstrations became urban riots, innocent experiments w/ drugs killed or injured many, left many disillusioned, upheaval of Roman Catholic Church & authority, Allen Ginsberg & Jack Kerouac & Rebel Without a Cause expressed frustration of many
Guns & butter –
Nixon Doctrine – proclaimed US would honor existing defense commitments, in future Asians & others would fight their own wars w/ support of large bodies of US ground troops, wanted to win war w/o killing more Americans
Kent State/Jackson State – demonstrations went wrong, authorities fired into the crowd, killed 6 total, wounded many
Pentagon Papers – top-secret Pentagon study of US involvement in Vietnam War, leaked to Times by Daniel Ellsberg, showed mistakes of JFK & LBJ, antiwar feeling grew
SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, pact or agreement, freeze numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years, constituted first step toward slowing arms race, uS cont’d w/ development of MIRVs
Grain deal trip to China – product of détente [relaxed tensions] w/ Russia, 1972 agreement, 3 year arrangement by which US would sell Russians at least $750 million worth of wheat & corn & other cereals
Gideon – 1963 Supreme Court case, all defendants in serious criminal cases entitled to legal counsel even if they’re too poor to afford it
Escobedo (64) – ensured right of the accused to remain silent
Miranda (66) - enjoy other protections when accused of crime
Roe v. Wade – 1973, legalized abortion
EPA – created in 1970, resolution of 20 years of concern for environment that started w/ Air Pollution Control Office in 1950
Rachel Carson – wrote Silent Spring, muckraker, exposed truth about pesticides, 1962
Clean Air Act – 1970
Clean Water Act – 1972
Southern strategy – Nixon’s strategy to achieve majority in 1972, appeal to white voters by soft-pedaling civil rights, opposing school busing to achieve racial balance
Watergate – June 17th of 72, burglary in Democratic headquarters located in apartment-office complex of Watergate in Washington, 5 men arrested inside w/ electronic “bugging” equipment, worked for CREEP which had raised tens of millions secretly or unethically or unlawfully, also had campaign of sabotage & espionage, number of WH aids & advisors forced to resign, criminal obstruction of justice through cover-ups or hush money, 1974 29 people indicted or convicted or pleaded guilty – FBI & CIA & IRS used by Nixon’s aides to influence others, WH “enemies list” including innocent citizens, authorized burglary Ellsberg’s psych records to convict him for his “leak,” July 1973 former pres aide reported “bugging” installed under Nixon’s authority, convos had been recorded on tape – Nixon refused to produce taped evidence, eventually resigned
War Powers Act – November 1973, passed over Nixon’s veto, required pres to report to Congress w/I 48 hours after committing troops to foreign conflict or enlarged US combat units in foreign country, limited authorization would end in 60 days unless Congress extended it 30 more
Oil Embargo – October 1973, Arab nations on US & other Israel-supporting countries, US suffered through long winter, lines at stations lengthened, business recession deepened, national speed limit of 55mph, oil pipeline in Alaska, embargo lifted in March 1974
WIN – Whip Inflation Now program launched by Ford, failed to get off ground, inflation dropped from 12 to 5% but was only short-term
Helsinki Accords – one group officially wrote end to WWII by legitimizing USSR boundaries of Poland & other East Euro countries, Soviet agreements guaranteed more liberal exchanges of people & info b/w East & West & protection of basic human rights, helped kindle small movements in E Euro & RS, USSR soon went back on agreement, US felt it was a giver but no receiver cos no one else was a giver
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i'm soooooo hating history and darton right now -- saira, 11:01:29 04/24/02 Wed
we need chapters 25 to 32 posted up here. i'll try to do it, i know maggie is. whoever gets the chance, do it. and then 1-65 from the last packet as well. this way we'll have everything up here and we can make one big packet with all the second half-terms [like len did for the first half].
so let's go.
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last 20 terms from the last handout... [if anyone can fill in blanks do it] -- saira, 10:57:42 04/24/02 Wed
- Panama Canal: Carter made two treaties to give Paname Canal completely to Panama by 2000 [i wonder if that really happened]
- Camp David Accords: September 1978 Carter persuaded Sadat of Egypt and Begin of Israel to meet; Israel promised to withdraw troops from territory taken in 1967, Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders, promised to sign formal peace treaty
- Enegry problems: by 1974 prices were up more than 10%; OPEC doubled prices in 1979 making foreign products cheaper than American; Carter called legsislation to improve energy conservation but America was indifferent; foreign oil stopped coming in and Carter lifted price controls domestically; Energy Security Corporation formed to develop synthetic fuels
- Amnesty:
- Iran captives: 1979 anti-American militants went to US Embassy in Tehran and took all captives hostage, Iranian government refused to take action [it was pretty shaky over there]
- Deregulation:
- ERA: [i think he means EPA] environmental protection agency; secretary of the interior James Watt accused of trying to to get rid of foundation because government controlled rich mineral and timber resourced in the midwest
- Affirmative action: order signed by Johnson in 1965 to ensure that the underpriveleged [women and minorities... me!] were hired
- Bakke case: Supreme Court case in 1978 claimed that he was turned down from school because the school favours minorities [reverse discrimination]; Court declared that schools cannot have preference
- Stagflation:
- Defecit spending: federal budget defecits were high and massive government spending to cover defecits made interest rates high pushing the value of the dollar up
- Supply side economics: lowered individual tax rates, eliminated federal taxes, and created taxfree savings plans [theory basically that lower taxes would increase government revenue because on stimulus in the economy]
- Trade deficit: reached a record of $152 billiob in 1987 because of high dollar resulting in many imports but no exports
- SDI: Strategic Defense Initiative aka Star Wars; plan called for orbiting battle stations that could fire laser beams to catch international missles before lift-off [salvation from a "nuclear nightmare" said stick-up-the-ass Reagan]
- Lebanon: invaded by Israel in 1982 in attempt to suppress Palestinian fighting [who were only fighting becase Israel kept trying to take over the West Bank] and American troops were sent in in 1983 to be "peacekeepers" but a suicide bomber killed 200 men and Reagan withdrew US aid
- Grenada: 1983 Reagan sent troops because Marxism had taken over there by Sandinistas
- Iran-Contra: American diplomats secretly gave ammo to Iranians in exchange for a hostage and money; money used against contra rebels in Nicaragua
- Service sector technological influence on society: computers, telecommunication, genetic engineering, women's lib
- New Immigrants: allowed family migration and special categories for political refugees; Asians and Latin Americans came in
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65-100 of the last packet darton passed out... -- maggie, 10:24:32 04/24/02 Wed
65. Guatemala- 1954. CIA engineered a coup over their leftist government. Further evidence of American involvement in foreign affairs.
66. Consumer culture- blossomed in the 1950’s. 1st McDonalds, 442 tv stations in 1956, popular music like Elvis on the rise, great advertisement industries were born.
67. Peace Corps- JFK proposed peace corps, an army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers.
68. Berlin Wall- soviet construction, begun in 1961 designed to plug up the heavy population drain from East to West Germany.
69. Bay of Pigs- incident with Cuba. 1961. 1200 exiles landed in Bay. JFK refused to get involved in the situation and the anti-Castroites surrendered in the end.
70. Missile Crisis- Cuba. Russians were preparing an offensive nuclear-tipped assault base stationed there. JFK and Khrushchev butted heads- came very close to war. Was resolved six days later, October 28, 1962.
71. Freedom Rides- groups of people on buses who wanted to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers. Traveled throughout the south.
72. gulf of Tonkin resolution- passed under Johnson it gave him great power concerning the southeastern Asia situation
73. office of economic opportunity- front line on the Great Society’s War on poverty. Had, in 1953, its appropriation doubled to nearly two billion.
74. Medicare- 1965. was passed by congress and was a bitter pill for the American Medical Association- was welcomed by millions who were being pushed into poverty by skyrocketing medical costs.
75. Civil Rights Act of 1964- gave federal government power to enforce school desegregation orders and to prohibit racial discrimination in all kinds of public accommodations and employments.
76. Voting Rights Act of 1965- outward literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several southern states.
77. pueblo-
78. George Wallace- former governor of Alabama, huge supporter of segregation. Would not allow black students into the university of Alabama.
79. Free Speech Movement- of the 1960’s. consisted of many freedom fighters, rallies, etc. was a huge part of the society during the 60’s. anti-war, anti-racism.
80. counter culture/hippie/new left- all 1960’s originated. Rebellion against common ways of thought, war, organized government. Took place with the nation’s youth.
81. Guns and butter-
82. Nixon Doctrine- proclaimed the U.S. would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of American ground troops.
83. Kent State/Jackson State- huge protests. @ Kent the National Guard fired into a crowd killing four. @ Jackson highway patrol killed two black students when firing into a crowd.
84. Pentagon Papers- publishing of the top-secret Pentagon study of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. Was leaked to the New York Times by Elsberg.
85. SALT- Strategic Arms Limitations Talk. 2nd most significant pact- was to freeze the number’s of long-range nuclear missiles for five years.
86. Grain Deal trip to Cina- nixon’s deal- 3 year arrangement in which the U.S. agreed to sell Russia at least $750 million worth of wheat, corn and other cereals.
87. Gideon- 1963. all defendants in serious criminal cases were entitled to legal counsel even if they were too poor to afford it.
88. and 89. Escobedo and Miranda- 1964 and 1966, ensured the right of the accused to remain silent and to enjoy other protections when accused of a crime.
90. Roe v. Wade- 1973. legalized abortion.
91. EPA- Environmental Protection Agency. 1970. was for the betterment of our environment, a great social crusade.
92. Rachel Carson- 1962. author of Silent Spring, a piece of muckrack that exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides.
93. and 94. Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act- 1970, 1972. along with the resource conservation and recovery act of 1976 and the superfund, these acts put the EPA on the front line of ecological sanity.
95. Southern Strategy-
96. Watergate- a burglary of the democratic headquarters in D.C. it was later seen that Nixon knew of it- the resulting scandal caused his resignation. Vice President Ford replaced him.
97. War Powers Act- 1973. required the president to report to congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict.
98. Oil Embargo- 1973. with the Arabs. We were charged outrageous prices and faced severe oil shortages.
99. WIN- Whip Inflation Now. Campaign of Ford’s that never got off the ground designed to reduce the drastic inflationary prices in the U.S. Inflation did drop from 12% to 5% by 1976, but not because of WIN.
100. Helsinki Accords- signed in 1975 Finland. One agreement legitimized the USSR established Polish boundaries, another guaranteed more liberal exchanges of people and information between the East and West.
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lots of history [thank u amanda] -- lynette, 09:17:02 04/21/02 Sun
1607-1649
Jamestown founded - 1607
House of Burgesses
1st slaves to Jamestown
Harvard founded – 1636
Mayflower Compact – 1607
Parliament dispersed
Charles II beheaded
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Plymouth Colony
Massachusetts Bay & Plymouth Bay combined
Rhode Island founded
Puritans flee to Holland
Puritans flee to America
1st Thanksgiving
Anne Hutchinson banished
Roger Williams banished
Rolfe becomes Father of Tobacco
John Smith helps Virginia
Pocahontas marries John Rolfe
1st Baptist Church
New Sweden founded
Maryland founded
Chesapeake Bay Colony
Plantations formed in South
Delaware founded
Act of Toleration
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Connecticut founded
Pequot War
1650-1699
William & Mary College founded
Leisler’s Rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion
Charles II restored to throne
William & Mary set up as monarchs
Andros head of Dominion
James I kicked off throne
More black slaves than indentured servants
Half-Way Covenant
Navigation Acts enforced
Tariffs into colonies
Tariffs between colonies
All trade on British ships
Enumerated goods only w/ Britain
Trade go through Britain
New York founded
New Hampshire joins Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire splits from Massachusetts Bay
Post bond on trade
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
Dominion of New England collapsed
New Jersey founded
North Carolina
South Carolina
King Philip’s War
Pennsylvania founded
Glorious Revolution
French & Indian War begins
1700-1763
Lord Cornbury governor of NJ
Stamp Act
James I King of England
Great Awakening (1730s & 1740s)
Rutgers University established
Dartmouth founded
France loses Canada
Spain regains Florida
French & Indian War ends
Britain gains Canada
Admiralty Courts
Proclamation Line of 1763
Queen Anne’s War
Treaty of Utrecht
Yale founded
Triangular Trade
War of Jenkins’ Ear
Old Lights
New Lights
War of Austrian Succession
Mason-Dixon Line
Princeton founded
Molasses Act
N & S Carolina founded
Try to invade Canada
1764-1788
Declaration of Independence
Revolutionary War begins (and ends)
Treaty of Paris
Articles of Confederation
1st Continental Congress
2nd Continental Congress
US gains freedom
Constitution signed
Battle of Bunker Hill
France aids colonies in Revolutionary War
Stamp Act repealed
Sugar Act
Boston Tea Party
Currency Act
Declaratory Act
Committee of Correspondence
Administration of Justice Acts
Quartering Act
Intolerable Acts
Massachusetts Gov’t Act
Boston Port Act
Quebec Act
Townshed Acts
Parliament repeals Townshed Act except tea tax
Battle of Lexington
Battle of Concord
Boston Massacre
Stamp Act Congress
Brown College founded
East Indian Tea Company Act
Battle of Saratoga (major turning point for colonies)
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance
Shay’s Rebellion
Suffolk Resolves
Olive Branch Treaty
George Washington (1789-1797)
Bill of Rights written (James Madison very impt)
Deal with debt
Hilton v. US
Set up Cabinet
Judiciary Act of 1789
Hamilton – Sec. Of Treasury
Hamilton leaves Treasury
1st National Bank chartered
Pinckney’s Treaty (w/ Spain)
Reign of Terror in France
Jay’s Treat (w/ England)
Louis XVI beheaded
Farewell Adress
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Neutrality Proclamation
Treaty of Greenville
Political parties emerge
French Revolution
Vermont becomes state
Excise tax on whiskey – 7cents/gallon
Whiskey Rebellion
Gov’t established tariffs
Slater - 1st efficient American machine – spinning cotton thread
Whitney’s cotton gin
Lancaster Turnpike
John Adams (1797-1801)
VP – Thomas Jefferson
Judiciary Act of 1801 – midnight judges
Alien & Sedition Acts
R.I. & N.H. Resolutions
VA & KY Resolutions
French Revolution
Undeclared war w/ France
XYZ affair
Land Act of 1800
Convention of 1800
Barely beat TJ in electoral college
Whitney – interchangeable parts
2nd Great Awakening
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
VP – Aaron Burr
Hamilton & Burr duel
Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed
Napoleon became dictator in France
British impressments of American soldiers
Tripoli War
Non-Intercourse Act
Napoleon attacks Russia
French seizure of ships
Embargo Act
Write of Mandamus – unconstitutional
Try to lower taxes – build small ships
Napoleonic Wars
Marbury v. Madison
Orders of Council – Britain
Burlin/Milan Decree
Tie for president – HofR decides
Small army & navy
Lewis & Clark expedition
Louisiana Purchase
France & Spain allies
Land Act of 1800 amended
Federalist Party dying out
Chesapeake attacked
Land Act of 1804
James Madison (1809-1817)
Fletcher v. Peck
Attack Canada
End 1st National Bank
Battle of the Thames
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle over Lake Champlain
National Bank rechartered
Washington D.C. burned
Lousiana, Illinois, Ohio became states
Francis Scott Key – Star Spangled Banner
Smuggling w/ British & French
War of 1812
Macon’s Bill #2
Treaty of Ghent
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of Platsburgh
Battle of Horshoe Bend
Battle of New Orleans
Hartford Convention
Erie Canal
American System
Tariff of 1816
Bonus Bill vetoed
War Hawks
Annex West Florida
James Monroe (1817-1825)
Land Act of 1820
Missouri Comproise
McCulloch v. Maryland
Panic of 1819
Cohens v. Virginia
Tariff of 1824
Tallmadge Amendment defeated
Gibbons v. Ogden
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Maine became state
Monroe Doctrine
Revolutions in South America
America gains Florida
America cedes Texas to Spain
Oregon Country shared w/ Britain
Slave rebellion in Charleston
Jackson invades Florida
Treaties of 1818 & 1819
Adams-Clay corrupt Bargain (1824)
Crawford has stroke
University of Virginia
Ben Franklin’s autobiography
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
VP – Calhoun
Tariff of 1828
South Carolina Expedition
Republican party split
1st railroad
Noah Webster – dictionary
American Peace Society formed
Boston-American Temperance Society
Rise of sectionalism
Robert Owen
American System
Transcendentalism grows
Finish Erie Canal
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
VP – Calhoun until 1832, Van Buren until 1837
Biddle the head of the BUS
Veto bill to recharter bank
Spoils system grows
Peggy Eaton scandal
Webster-Hayne debate
Anti-Masonic party formed
Trail of Tears
1st national convention for nominating president
Tariffs of 1832 & 1833
Force Act
Black Hawk War
Specie Circular
Texas won independence
National debt liquidated
Texas appeals for annexation
Whig party formed
Battle at Alamo
Mexico frees slaves
America recognizes Texas as independent
Maysville Road
Indian Removal Act
Campaigns for Van Buren for president
Bureau of Indian Affairs established
Mormon religion established
William Lloyd Garrison
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
B.C. Nullification Act
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
Democratic party formed
Panic of 1837
Divorce Bill
Independent Treasury Bill
John Deere – steel plows
Oberlin College opened doors to women
Mount Holyoke Seminary established
Emerson’s “The American Scholar”
Caroline affair
Liberty Party
Personal Liberty Laws
Oregon Trail
Independent treasury
William H. Harrison (1841-1845)
VP – Tyler
Died 1841
Tyler becomes president
Philadelphia anti-immigration – 2 churches burned
Commonwealth v. Hunt
1st Whig president
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Dorothea Dix
Frederick Douglass
Texas annexed
Pre-emption Act
Treaty of Wanghia
James K. Polk (1845-1849)
Elias Howe – sewing machine
Perfected by Isaac Singer
Laws of “free corporation” passed in NY
Discovery of gold in CA
Henry David Thoreau
Oregon dispute
Mexican War
Wilmot Proviso
Walker Tariff
Utah
Seneca Falls Convention
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Independent Treasury Act
Zachary Taylor (1849-1853)
VP Fillmore
Died 1850
Fillmore became president
“Know Nothing” Party formed (Order of the Star Spangled Banner)
Maine Law of 1851 – prohibited manufacture & sale of liquor
Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
California drafted constitution, applied for statehood w/o slavery
Compromise of 1850
Whigs split – North v. South
Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Tubman
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
Sumner attacked by Brooks
T.S. Arthur – Ten Nights in a Barroom & What I Saw There
Treaty w/ Japan – Treaty of Kanagawa
Secretary of War – Jefferson Davis
Black Warrior seized by Spain
Gadsden Purchase
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican Party formed
John Brown hacked 5 people to death
Ostend Manifesto
William Walker (Nicaragua)
Bleeding Kansas
James Buchanan (1857-1861)
Depression of 1857
Dred Scott decision
Lecomptom Constitution
Pullman sleeping palace introduced
Cyrus Field – stretched cable underwater from Newfoundland to Ireland
Pony Express established
Pony Express folded
Hinton Helper – The Impending Crisis of the South
South Carolina secedes
Tariff of 1857
Lincoln-Douglass debate
Harper’s Ferry
Comstock Lode
Crittendon Proposal
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1869)
Died 1865
President Johnson
Civil War
Battle of Bull Run
2nd Battle of Bull Run
Jefferson Davis – President of the Confeeracy
Emancipation Proclamation
Reconstruction
Battle of Gettysburg
Seven’s Day’s Battles
Sherman march through Georgia
Monitor v. Morrimack (?)
Morrill Tariff
Attack of Fort Sumter
Trent Affair
National Banking Act
Homestead Act
Pacific Railroad Act
Battle of Antietam
10% plan
Lincoln died
Wade Davis Bill
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Freedmen’s Bureau
Black Codes
Johnson Reconstruction Act
Civil Rights Bill
Ku Klux Klan
Military Reconstruction Act
Radical Reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act
Purchase of Alaska
Johhnson impeachment
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)
Fisk & Gould
Knights of Labor
Transcontinental Railroad
Texas v. White
Standard Oil Company
Force Acts
Boss Tweed
Credit Mobilier
Joseph Glidden
Slaughterhouse Cases
Panic of 1873
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Whiskey Ring
Custer’s last stand
Greenback Labor Party
Compromise of 1877
Farmer’s Alliances
Hayes-Tilden standoff
End of military Reconstruction
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
Railroad strikes
Mass disorders in major cities
Bill passes restricting Chinese immigration
James Garfield (1881-1885)
Died in office in 1881
Arthur takes over
Chinese Immigration Restriction Act
Pendleton Act sets up Civil Service Commission
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)
1st Democratic president since Buchanan
Defeated Blaine
Fought for lower tariff
Beaten by Harrison in 1888 election
Dawes Act
Interstate Commerce Act
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Replies:
no next four chapters -- maggie, 14:35:13 04/17/02 Wed
so len and i talked to darton this morning and he said we don't have the next four chapters for tomorrow [thursday] because someone requested he go over the information he tests us on. yeah. this is wonderful news.
whoever asked him that...you've earned our love and thanks.
tina- what time are you thinking for sunday?
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chapter 33-36 -- maggie, 10:32:41 04/14/02 Sun
so i'm missing a few terms...but otherwise it's all here. lynette's gonna try to put up 29-32 soon. email if you can help by putting up another list or something. sorry its not numbered.
Zimmermann Note- secret message describing plans for an alliance between Germany and Mexico. Was published March 1, 1917. caused anti-German sentiments to increase.
Wilson’s 14 Points- 14 Points Address, January 8, 1918 to congress. Was for League of Nations, lessening of interference in trade, proposed to abolish secret treaties. Were not appealing to everyone- many foreign nations resented.
Wilson’s goals- to shape and international order in which democracy would flourish. Was very idealistic.
George Creel- manipulated minds. Was a journalist in charge of war propaganda—had to sell America on the war and the world on Wilsonian war aims.
Espionage and sedition acts- 1917 and 1918. reflected current fears and the sentiments of anti-war Americans. Were anti-socialist and radicalists. Prosecuted thousands.
Schenck v. U.S.-
Committee on Public Affairs-
War industries Board- March 1918 Bernard Baruch appointed head chairman. Only had feeble formal powers. Was disbanded shortly after the armistice.
Railway Administration- government controlled railways during WWI.
Fuel Administration- government controlled for use of tanks and other army machinery in WWI.
Food Administration- lead by Herbert Hoover. Relied on voluntary compliance instead of enforcing restrictions. Had “wheatless Wednesdays” and “meatless Tuesdays”
Victory Gardens- designed to boost public morale. People grew their own fruits and vegetables instead of buying the mass produce so farmer’s food could go to the troops.
I.W.W.
Lloyd George- British prime minister. Was part of the “Big 4” of the armistice.
Vittorio Orlando- premier of Italy. Part of the big four.
Georges Clemenceau- French prime minister. Was the most cynical one of the big four.
Henry Cabot Lodge- a senator, very anti-Wilson. [they were rivals.] fought against the armistice because he was anti-League of nations.
League of nations- Wilson’s pet project. Was not ratified with the U.S. and couldn’t stand without them. Was designed to prevent further WWI’s from happening and promote international unity.
A. Mitchell Palmer- attorney general. “saw red” too easily. Was called “The Fighting Quaker” but was somewhat mollified when foes bombed him home in June 1919 to quiet his efforts.
Sacco and Vanzetti- two Italians, atheists, anarchist and draft dodgers. Accused of murder. Case dragged on for six years until 1927 when they were electrocuted.
KKK 1920’s- mushroomed in the 1920’s. had 5 millions members enrolled. Were anti-foreign, anti-catholic, antiblack anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anticommunist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-bootlegger, antigambling and anti birth control.
Emergency Quota Act- 1921. newcomers from Europe were restricted to a definite total- 3% of the persons of their nationality living in the u.s. in 1910.
Immigration Act of 1924- Quota was cut from 3 to 2% and the yearbase shifted from the census of 1910 to that of 1890, when comparatively no southern Europeans had arrived.
Volstead Act- passed by congress implemented the eighteenth amendment- enforced prohibition.
Scopes trial- science v. religion. William Jennings Bryan won but he died 3 days later. It was an empty win. Even in 1915 Tennessee was seeing that science was not bad.
John Dewey- professor of Columbia from 1904-1930. set forth the principles of “learning by doing.”
Henry Ford- of ford motors. Was one of the leading vehicle construction agencies of the time. He reinvented the whole business.
Bruce Barton- prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. Published “The Man No One Knows.” In 1925, said Jesus was the greatest adman of all time.
Frederick Taylor- “Father of scientific management.” Was an inventor, engineer and tennis player
$5 a day-
Model T- ford’s most popular model. Was a hit, came only in black and was used by millions.
Wright Brothers- flew the first plane. was only a couple of hundred feet.
Charles Lindbergh- flew the spirit of St. Louis. Was very famous. His baby was kidnapped and killed as a result. Was a huge tragedy and made kidnapping a major crime.
KDKA- the Pittsburg Radio Station that broadcast the news of President Harding’s election. Was the first to do so.
The Great Train Robbery- first movie ever, 1903, featured in the 5 cent theaters.
The Birth of a Nation- 1915. glorified the KKK. Was one of the better full-length movies of the times.
Margaret Sanger- led and organized a birth-control movement, openly championed the use of contraceptives.
Andrew Mellon- Secretary of the Treasury. Engineered a series of tax reductions from 1921-1926 to help the “poor” rich people. Reduced the national debt by $10 million.
Post WWI economy- boom and bust. Had a great rising economy and many ignored the signs of a downswing. Depression hit in 1929.
Washington Conference- “Disarmament” Conference. 1921-1922. all major naval powers were invited except the USSR. Agenda was naval disarmament and the situation in the far-East. U.S. Britain and Japan settled on a 5-5-3 ratio of naval forces.
4 Power Treaty- replaced the Anglo-Japanese alliance. Bound Britain, France, Japan and the U.S. to preserve the status quo in the pacific
5 power treaty- naval treaty in 1922 embodied the 5-5-3 ration and offered compensation to Japan for their smaller part.
9 power treaty- 1922. agreed to “nail open the Open Door in China.”
Kellogg-Briand- “Pact of Paris” 1928. ratified with the French foreign minister and eventually by 2 nations, it permitted only defensive warfare to prevent anything like WWI from happening again.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law- 1922. boosted Wilson’s Underwood Tariff of 1909 to 38.5% duties on farm produce were increased, principle was proclaimed that the general rates were designed to equalize the cost of American and foreign production.
Charles R. Forbes- 1923. caught stealing $$ and resigned as head of the Veteran’s Bureau. Looted about $200 million with his associates.
Teapot Dome- 1921 Albert B. Fall got secretary of navy Denby to transfer Teapot Dome Wyoming to the interior department, then sold it for lots of money to Doheny and Sinclair. Events boiled over in 1923 and the case went on until 1929.
Capper-Volstead Act- 1921 exempted farmers’ marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.
McNary-Haugen Bill- pushed by Farm Bloc, 1924-1928, sought to keep agricultural prices high- government must buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Losses made up by special taxes on farmers.
Dawes Plan- 1924. rescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further private loans to Germany, u.s. wall street bankers gave money to Germany, Germany to Britain and France, Britain and France to war payment debts
Al Smith- democrat nominated against Hoover. From New York. Was loud, catholic, a drinker, had a New York accent, was greatly prejudiced against.
Agricultural Marketing Act- passed in 1929, was designed to help the farmers help themselves. Set up federal farm board, lent money to organizations seeking to buy, sell and store agricultural surpluses.
Grain Stabilization Corp and Cotton Stabilization Act - 1930. created by the farm board to bolster sagging prices by buying up surpluses. Were both suffocated by an avalanche of farm produce.
On margin-
Stock market crash- October 29, 1929. 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in a save-who-may scramble. Caused a downward spiral in the economy that had a worldwide effect.
Stimson Doctrine- 1932, proclaimed the U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force.
Major causes of the depression- over inflation, overproduction, market filled to capacity, nowhere for things to go.
Reconstruction Finance Corp.- 1932, had a working capital of half a billion dollars, was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, even hard-pressed state and local governments
Norris-LaGuardia Act- in 1932. signed by Hoover, outlawed antiunion contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts and peaceful picketing.
Bonus Army- demanded immediate payment of their entire bonus. Marched on Washington for it. set up “Hoovervilles.”
Election of 1932- Roosevelt in, Hoover out. A result of the depression- people no longer liked Hoover.
Three R’s- Roosevelt’s plan- relief, recovery, reform.
Glass-Steagall Act- enacted b the Hundred Days period. Provided for the federal deposit insurance corporation, insured individual deposites up to $5,000. ended the epidemic of bank failures.
Wagner Act-
Court packing- Roosevelt wanted to add a new Supreme Court member for everyone over 70 who would not retire. Was voted down by a 5-4 vote.
John Maynard Keynes- British economic whom Roosevelt later embraced due to his good economy stimulating policies.
Hatch Act- 1939. barred federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting as well as forbidding use of government funds for political purposes.
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chapters 25-28 coming soon... -- mags, 17:20:12 04/08/02 Mon
so i got whatever wasn't in the book for the chapters from darton...i'll be posting them as soon as i find my papers. i'm pretty sure tina has them...tina? [pleeeeeaaaase have them, otherwise eek.]
when are we going to have history study groups? we should bring this up in class with him a.s.a.p., coz i know chem and english have kinda filled up at least 3 nights every week...that doesn't leave much for history. even if we can't get darton in with us, we should start meeting soon. to get things [hopefully] accomplished.
...k. like you all. bye.
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REVIEW FROM CHAPTERS 1 THROUGH 24 - from the Worksheets -- lynette, 15:26:52 03/19/02 Tue
Chapter 1-24 Review
1. Treaty of Tordesillas – Spanish & Portugese treaty, divided up America into halves, pope had hand in it
2. Primogeniture – eldest son inherits father’s holdings & possessions
3. Enclosure – rich took up land, pushed yeomen off, many migrated to America
4. Second Charter of Virginia – gave Virginians rights of Englishmen
5. John Rolfe – one of 1st adventurers, settled in VA, helped make it successful tobacco export settlement
6. 1619 – 1st slaves into America, House of Burgesses founded
7. Lord Baltimore – started colony of Maryland as Catholic haven
8. James Oglethorpe – started Georgia w/ philanthropists, became buffer zone, 1733
9. John Calvin – enlarged Lutheran beliefs, created idea of predestination & the elect, Puritanism founded on it
10. Puritans – religion founded on Calvinism, purify Church of England
11. Separatists – most conservative & orthodox Puritans, wanted to separate from Church of England, separation of church & state
12. Quakers – nonviolent religion, 1st abolitionists, did not believe in swearing oaths or in earthly titles, many flocked to PA, no clergy
13. Roger Williams – exiled from community, escaped & founded RI, founded Baptist, friendly w/ NA’s
14. Anne Hutchinson – exiled from MBC for antinomianism belief
15. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – 1st model of Constitution, split power of government (separation of powers)
16. Headright System – pay people to come to America, promised them land
17. New England Confederation – alliance of certain colonies to protect themselves from NA’s
18. Charles I – king of England who dismissed Parliament, beheaded, replaced by Oliver Cromwell
19. William Penn – Quaker from England, granted land from king, founded Pennsylvania, colony of religious freedom
20. Peter Stuyvesant –Dutch general in America (NY)
21. Maryland Act of Toleration – granted religious freedoms to all but those who denied divinity of Christ
22. Indentured Servants – people under contract to labor for set amount of years before being set free
23. Nathaniel Bacon – raised rebellion in VA, resented friendliness toward NA’s, eventually caught & hanged
24. Characteristics of New England Colonies – mostly Puritan, non-farmers, exporters of lumber, fishing & fur trades, theocracy rampant, family-oriented
25. Characteristics of the Middle Colonies – most religiously free, most diverse, mostly farmers, grain producers
26. Characteristics of the Chesapeake Colonies – tobacco exporters, slavery most popular, large plantations, men outnumbered women 6 to 1
27. Salem Witch Trials – started in 1692, girls accused many of witchcraft, 20 people & 2 dogs died (executed)
28. Antinomianism – Anne Hutchinson’s “heresy” that the elect need not obey laws
29. Mayflower Compact – signed by Pilgrims on board ship, constitution or agreement, set up politic & agree w/ the majority ruling
30. Baptists – founded in RI by Roger Williams
31. Leisler’s Rebellion – New York
32. Glorious Revolution – James II overthrown, Bloodless Revolution, placed William & Mary of Scotland on throne
33. Half-way Covenant – Puritans agreed to accept some of the non-elect into church, needed to boost attendance
34. William & Mary – monarchs placed on English throne as result of Glorious Revolution, name of college founded in 1693
35. Congregational Church – one of 2 main churches in America, Puritans
36. Cavaliers – Anglican English noblemen, supported Charles I, migrated to VA
37. Roundheads – backers of Cromwell, migrated to NE, Puritans
38. Triangular Trade – certain trade routes (2), one is from New England to Africa to West Indies & back again with rum then slaves then molasses
39. Molasses Act –
40. Great Awakening – religious revival of 1700’s, emotional sermons in church vs. dry & factual, first time denominational doors broken down, 1st time Americans united, beginnings of evangelism, ideas of Jonathan Edwards behind it
41. Old Lights – preachers & others supporting traditional church system
42. New Lights – (“Trifiroites”) favored new way of preaching w/ emotions & fervor attached
43. John Peter Zenger – news editor brought to court, charged with libel & slander, defense that it could not be either if it was true, won case & freedoms of press and speech, landmark case, defended by Andrew Hamilton
44. Royal Colony – king’s colony (or queen’s)
45. Charter Colony – people of colony get charter (ex: CT & RI)
46. Proprietary Colony – one or group given land or colony
47. French & Indian War – ended in 1753, also called the Seven Years’ War, between French & British
48. Ohio Valley – British & French fought over land, GW as LT. Col. there, lost w/ all honors
49. General Braddock – died @ Fort Duquesne, ambushed, incompetent
50. Proclamation Line of 1763 – Americans to stay east of Appalachians, Brits didn’t want to pay for troops to defend from the NA’s
51. Sugar Act – tax raised, 1764, Americans weren’t paying before, angry
52. Stamp Act – boycott started, tax on all paper docs, began the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
53. Navigation Acts – exports had to be on British ships, stop @ British ports, British sailors, British tax, America smuggled around them
54. Mercantilism – colonies exist to support mother country by exporting novelties
55. Admiralty Courts – guilty until proven innocent, no jury, imposed on colonies
56. Virtual representation – colonies represented by English in Parliament, not physically present
57. Real representation – colonists demanded actual, physical representation in Parliament
58. Declaration of Independence – TJ wrote it, break away from England, blamed King for problems in America, July 4th 1774
59. Loyalists – British supporters & aristocrats, many located in Southern colonies
60. Saratoga – turning point of Revolution, French joined colonists, colonists began winning
61. Treaty of Paris 1783 – ended war, gave Americans independence, prolonged by Joshua Huddy, settled boundaries (Great Lakes, MS River, FL)
62. Episcopal Church –
63. State Constitutions (2 contributions to Constitution) – Bill of Rights, separation of powers from the Fundamental Orders of CT
64. Confederation – no big central gov’t, state gov’t has big power
65. Federation – strong nat’l gov’t, weak state gov’t, stronger unity
66. Articles of Confederation (weaknesses) – couldn’t enforce taxes w/o tax, couldn’t vote & say no w/o rep, no commerce control b/c states had different standards
67. Land Ordinance of 1785 – no less than 3 states, no more than 5, all free
68. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – divided land into townships, states ceded their land in OH valley to gov’t
69. Shay’s Rebellion – MASS taxes declared unfair, Revolutionary veterans & farmers demanded reparations, led by Daniel Shay
70. Annapolis Convention – suggests convention be held to amend Articles, propose whole new Constitution
71. 2 major compromises of Constitutional Convention – bicameral gov’t where all states get 2 senators but in the House big states get more representation than the smaller states, 3/5 compromise
72. Stamp Act Congress – 1765, New York, organize boycott against British goods, 1st time colonists say similarities b/w themselves
73. Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense, pamphlet sold well, scolded colonists for cowardice in not declaring their true feelings about independence
74. 4 major positions of the Federalist & Anti-Federalist Parties: Federalists AKA Hamiltonians believed in a strong central gov’t, were pro-British, believed foreign trade was key, and feared gullibility of the “commoners” – Anti-Federalists AKA Jeffersonians believed in a weak central gov’t, were pro-French, wanted an agriculturally based economy, and believed in the rule of the people
75. Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795, Spanish & US, result of Jay’s Treaty, US gained free navigation of MS River & large territory north of FL
76. Jay’s Treaty – 1794, English & US, Brits evacuated US post, pay damages for seizures of US ships
77. Excise tax – domestic items, 1791, whiskey 7 cents a gallon
78. Whiskey Rebellion – 1794, farmers in PA protested excise tax, pardoned, GW summoned militias
79. 2 key points of Washington’s Farewell Address – no foreign entanglements, no permanent political parties, yes to temporary alliances
80. XYZ Affair – 1797, envoys sent to France, XYZ approached envoys for bribe to talk to Talleyrand, Americans enraged
81. Alien & Sedition Acts – president allowed to deport in peacetime deport or imprison in time of hostility, could be fined & imprisoned
82. Undeclared war – 2.5 years hostility b/w France & US, happened in sea around WI
83. VA & KY Resolutions – KY in 1798 & 1799, VA in 1798, compact theory stated that states created nat’l gov’t so states can judge whether nat’l gov’t had broken contract by overstepping their authority
84. Tripoli War – war on US from Africa, took 4 years, 1805 peace treaty
85. Louisiana Purchase – 1803 secret pact, LA to US for $15 million, unconstitutional
86. Midnight judges – Judiciary Act of 1801, created 16 federal judgeships & officers, attempt to control branch gov’t
87. John Marshall – chief justice, gave Federalist devisions, decreed Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
88. Samuel Chase – charges of impeachment, 1804, found not guilty, precedent to not change SC by impeachment (House of R)
89. Chesapeake Affair – 1807, US v. Britain, Brits demanded deserters, US refused, Brits killed 3, wounded 18, took deserters back
90. Embargo – 1809, US cut off exporting, commerce hurt badly, illegal trade w/ Canada
91. Non Intercourse Act – trade w/ world except England & France, cont’d until 1812
92. Lewis & Clark – expedition from MS River to Columbia River, claim to Oregon, opened up the West
93. Marbury v. Madison – Marshall dismissed Marbury, JA of 1789 deemed unconstitutional, Marbury was suing for delivery of commission
94. Macon’s Bill #2 – trade but if GB or F repealed restrictions US would restore nonimportation against other nations
95. Henry Clay – speaker of House, war hawk
96. William Henry Harrison – beat NA’s @ Tippecanoe, broke their rebellion
97. War of 1812 – fought GB b/c impressments, arming of NA’s, Republic relationship w/ French – one of worst fought wars by US ever
98. Andrew Jackson – command of US forces, defended at Battle of New Orleans, deemed a war hero
99. Treaty of Ghent – ended War of 1812, signed in Europe, Battle of New Orleans 2 weeks later, armistice
100. Impressment – took US sailors as workers, stole people
101. Hartford Convention – 1814, MASS called, RI & CT responded w/ full representation, NH & VT responded w/ partial representation, lasted 3 weeks
102. Rush-Bagot Treaty – 1817, British & US, limited navy armament on lakes, last fortifications down in the 1870’s
103. 2nd Bank of America – 1816, $35 million in capital, Anti-Federalists for it, Federalists against it
104. Tariff of 1816 – prices below cost, 20-25% dutiable imports, not enough safety
105. Treaty of 1818 – b/w US & England, US shared Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada, set northern LA limits, 10 year joint occupation of OR w/o any surrender
106. John C. Calhoun – representative of SC, war hawk, nationalist, against Tariff of 1816 b/c it enriched Yankees & did not build self-sufficiency
107. Daniel Webster – from NH, opposed Tariff, later became nationalistic, believed in high protection
108. Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) background – Spain ceded FL & claims to OR in exchange for US abandonment of claims to Mexico
109. American System – devised by Henry Clay in 1824, protective tariff, funding of canals & roads, raw materials shipped from south & west to north & east, manufactured materials shipped from north & east to south & west
110. Bonus Bill – 1817, Calhoun, give $1.5 million to states for improvements, Madison vetoed it
111. Panic of 1819: causes – deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, overcrowded debtors’ prisons
112. Tallmadge Amendment – no more slaves into MS, gradual emancipation, 1819
113. Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise, MS a slave state, free Maine became state, ended up w/ 12 free & 12 slave states
114. McCulloch v. Maryland – MD tried to destroy branch of BUS, not allowed
115. Cohens v. VA – 1821, sold illegal lottery tickets, found guilty, Marshall gave right of SC to review decisions of state SC’s involving federal gov’t powers
116. Gibbons v. Ogden – 1824, NY attempted to grant monopoly of water commerce b/w NY & NJ
117. Fletcher v. peck – 1810, GA granted 35 million acres to private speculators, canceled it, SC ruled that the grant was a contract, Constitution forbade state laws ruining contracts & protecting property rights against popularity, invalidate state laws
118. Dartmouth v. Woodward – 1819, college given charter by George III in 1769, NH challenged, original charter stood, contracted protected by Constitution against the state, guarding business enterprise from state dominion
119. Adams-Clay bargain – 1824 presidential election, Clay became Secretary of State, Adams became president over Jackson
120. Reasons for the passage of the Tariff of Abominations – make Adams unpopular
121. Jackson-Clay relationship – very stormy, common enemy
122. Denmark Vesey – free black, led SC rebellion, 1822
123. South Carolina Exposition – written by Calhoun, denounced Tariff, states should nullify
124. Nullification – declare null & void within borders of the state
125. Spoils system – rewarding political supporters w/ public office, Jackson involved in it
126. Martin van Buren – NY, got votes so called “Little Magician”
127. Kitchen Cabinet – cabinet plus Jackson’s friends, informal meetings, not unconstitutional
128. Maysville Road – Jackson vetoed in 1830, within Clay’s KY, slapped at American System
129. Webster-Hayne debate – 1829 to 1830, resolution to curb public land sales: Hayne of SC condemned NW & Tariff of Abominations, po-nullifcation, protect southern rights: Webster said people not the states had framed the Constitutions, decried nullification, Supreme Court must judge laws
130. Tariff of 1832 – lowered imposts to about 35% or reduction of 10%, still protective, SC nullified, threatened to secede
131. Compromise Tariff of 1833 - reduce by about 10% over 8 year period, by 1842 rates would be mildly protective, about 20-25% on dutiable goods, proposed by Clay
132. Force Bill – president could use army & navy to collect federal tariff duties
133. Nicholas Biddle – head of BUS, corrupt, controlled many, autocratic & tyrannical bank
134. Wildcat bank – banks in the west, unreliable currency
135. Specie Circular – caused panic of 1837, buy lands w/ hard money only
136. Trail of tears – 1830’s removal of NA’s to OK, forcible march, unconstitutional, thousands died
137. Stephen Austin – 1823, huge land tract, farmers come, had to be Catholic and no slavery, must become Mexicanized
138. Santa Anna – Mexican dictator, wiped out local rights, started raising army, battle of the Alamo, captured in 1836, agreed to withdraw MX troops & recognize Rio Grande as TX boundary, repudiated agreement later
139. Divorce Bill – divorce gov’t from banking, establish independent treasury, gov’t lock surplus $ up, gov’t funds would be safe & denied to banking systems as reserves
140. Pet Banks – supported by Democrats, gov’t & bank together
141. Reasons for founding the Whig party – condemn Jackson, Clay & Calhoun in 1834, censure Jackson for removal of federal deposits from BUS
142. Know Nothing Party – Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849, nativists, pure WASPy stereotypes
143. Two major groups migrating into U.S. – German b/c of crop failures, Irish b/c of famine
144. Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts, cotton gin in 1793
145. Free incorporation – can form company or incorporation, invest in stocks
146. Commonwealth v. Hunt – labor unions not illegal conspiracies, methods had to be honorable & peaceful
147. Cult of Domesticity – woman’s place is in the home [says HE]
148. Lowell System – women recruited to work in factories
149. Cyrus McCormick – 1830s, mechanical mower-reaper
150. Samuel Morse – telegraph, 1844, communication development
151. Elias Howe – sewing machine, 1846, perfected by Isaac Singer, boosted northern industrialization
152. Erie Canal – linked Great Lakes & Hudson River, began 1817, finished 1825
153. Lancaster Road – PA, highway of 62 miles, toll gate, a turnpike
154. National Road – AKA Cumberland Road, highway of 591 miles, finished 1852
155. John Jacob Aster – real estate speculator, estate worth $30 million
156. Deist – believed in reason not revelation, science over the Bible, rejected original sin & Christ’s divinity, believed in Supreme Being
157. Unitarians – spinoff of Deism, God existed in 1 person not in Trinity, stressed goodness of human nature, believe in free will, salvation through good works, God as Loving Father
158. Effects of 2nd Great Awakening – spread to masses through camp meetings, 25 thousand people at a time, stimulated church membership & humanitarian reforms
159. What caused the churches to split – slavery, economy, conservative v. liberal
160. Horace Mann – MASS Board of Ed, for better & more schools, longer terms, higher teacher pay, expand curriculum
161. Noah Webster – “Schoolmaster of the Republic,” reading lessons, dictionary that standardized American English language, all for patriotism
162. William McGuffey – teacher-preacher, wrote grade-school readers, 1830s, morality, patriotism
163. Dorothea Dix – social reform, improve conditions for the mentally ill
164. Goals of Seneca Falls Convention – get the women a vote
165. Personalities of Seneca Falls Convention – Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
166. Transcendentalism – Boston area, 1830s, rejected Locke, all for individualism
167. Henry David Thoreau – “doer” of transcendentalism, Civil Disobedience, Walden
168. John Locke – national empericism, philosopher, for democracy
169. Ralph Waldo Emerson – “sayer,” American Scholar speech @ Harvard, US break away
170. Rational empericism – man learns through 5 senses, man must make rational decisions, democracy is dependent on rationality
171. Oligarchy – gov’t ruled by rich & few, planter aristocracy
172. Nat Turner – 1831, led resurrection, visionary black preacher, killed 60 Virginians, executed when caught
173. American Colonization Society – 1817 started, transport slaves back to Africa
174. American Slavery As It Is – propaganda pamphlet by Weld, 1839
175. Theodore Dwight Weld – simple manner & speech, expelled from seminary in 1834, abolitionist, wrote “American Slavery As It Is”
176. William Lloyd Garrison – newspaper The Liberator, 30 year war of words, 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society
177. Free Soil Party – 1848, founded by political abolitionists
178. Frederick Douglas – black abolitionist, escaped 1838, lectured widely, 1845 biography
179. Gag Bill – 1836, required antislavery bills to be tabled w/o debate (JQA aroused)
180. President Tyler’s problems – no party, 1st to not be elected, entire cabinet but one resigned
181. Caroline affair – 1837, US steamer engaged in carrying supplies, attacked by British, violation of neutrality, revival in 1840
182. Webster-Ashburton Treaty – US keep 7000 of 12000 miles in Maine, British won Halifax-Quebec route, Caroline affair fixed (Battle of the Maps)
183. Manifest Destiny – inherent belief that US should expand & control West
184. Polk’s campaign promises – reannexation of TX, reoccupation of OR, condemned Clay
185. Background to war with Mexico – US to buy CA land, fought over TX
186. Wilmot Proviso – no slavery in territory gained by MX War
187. Spot Resolution – Lincoln requested info as to precise spot on US soil where US blood was shed in MX War, unresolved
188. Popular sovereignty – sovereign people of territory should determine status of slavery in their own state
189. Compromise of 1850 – CA admitted as free state, territory b/w TX & NM given to NM, abolition of slavery in D.C., TX given $10 million, Fugitive Slave Law, remainder of MX cession formed into NM & UT
190. Higher Law – God’s moral law to be obeyed, along w/ man’s law, advocated by Seward (reference to Seward)
191. William Walker – leader of Nicaragua of 1856, legalized slavery, coalition of Central American nations allied to overthrow him, Pierce withdrew diplomatic recognition
192. Gadsden Purchase – 1853 treaty, ceded land to US for $10 million, criticized by North
193. Ostend Manifesto – 3 envoys met in secret, buy Cuba for $120 million, justified in fighting Spain if refused, people found out, dropped the scheme
194. Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, awakened North to slavery, political force book in Europe & in the U.S.
195. Dred Scott decision – 1857, sued for freedom, SC said he couldn’t sue in federal courts, slaves could be taken into any territory & legally held there b/c a slave is property and the gov’t cannot deprive any citizen of his private property
196. Lecompton Constitution – 1857, vote for “with” or “against” slavery only, submitted but voted on as a whole
197. Reasons for Panic of 1857 – CA gold inflated currency, Crimean War overstimulated grain growing, speculation in lands & railroads
198. John Brown – KA, Harpers Ferry he seized federal arsenal in October of 1859, slaves did not rise, killed 7 innocents, was hanged, became martyr
199. Bully Brooks – 1856 Senate, Brooks beat Sumner w/ cane, he resigned & was reelected by SC
200. Lincoln-Douglas debates – 7 held from August to October of 1858, Freeport, Douglas won Senate seat, Lincoln won moral victory
201. Charles Sumner – very disliked in Senate, abolitionist, beaten w/ his own cane
202. Republican platform – against slavery in territories
203. Secession – to break away from country & form your own
204. Crittendon Compromise – slavery in territories prohibited N of 36/30, slavery protected S of that line, future states had the right to choose, Lincoln rejected it
205. Fort Sumter – April 12th 1861, Confederates fired upon N, enraged the N
206. Confederation – VA, AK, TN, NC, TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, SC, FL – Southern states who formed their own gov’t after seceded from the Union
207. Federation – Northern states of the U.S.
208. Border States – MS, KN, MD, DW, WV – slavery still held
209. Habeas Corpus – suspended by Lincoln so anti-unionists could be arrested, defied that it could only be set aside by Congress
210. 3 ways to finance a war – excise taxes increased, levy income tax, customs receipts
211. North’s strategy to win the war – blockade South, keep all supplies in the North
212. Emancipation – January 1st 1863, announced freedom of slaves in Confederation, Border States unaffected
213. Antietam – battle in MD, McClellan halted Lee in September of 1862, one of bitterest & bloodiest of war, Davis never so near victory again, British & French were on verge of diplomatic mediation which was cooled by the strength they saw in Union
214. Copperheads – extreme Peace Democrats, attacked draft & Lincoln & emancipation
215. Clement L. Vallandigham – OH congressman, notorious among Copperheads, banished to Confederate lines, moved to Canada, returned before end of war, not persecuted
216. Freedmen’s Bureau – 1865, created by Congress, intended to be welfare ageny for freedmen & white refugees, give land to black settlers, headed by Howard
217. Wade-Davis Bill – 1864, required 50% voters take oath of allegiance, stronger safeguards for emancipation, Lincoln did not sign
218. Black Codes – laws to regulate affairs of emancipated blacks, ensure stable labor supply, restore race relations of pre-emancipation
219. 10% plan – Reconstruction Plan of 1863, state reintegrated into Union when 10% voters in presidential election of 1860 took allegiance oath to US, abide by emancipation
220. Ku Klux Klan – TN founded in 1866, fright & force, partially effective
221. 13th Amendment – forbade slavery in 1865
222. 14th Amendment – ex slaves made citizens, when states deny citizens the vote representation would be reduced, rebels ineligible for federal & state office, debts for rebels void, 1868
223. 15th Amendment – black males made voters in 1870
224. Reconstruction – upended social & racial systems of South, specific program to change resentful & bitter South
225. Force Acts – 1870 & 1871, federal troops stamp out “lash law,” retaliation to hatred against blacks
226. Seward’s Folly – 1867, Secretary of State, treaty w/ Rusiia, Alaska sold to US for bargain price of $7.2 million, unpopular w/ many Americans
227. Tenure of Office Act – Johnson thought it unconstitutional, 1867, passed despite presidential veto, required president to secure Senate consent before removing appointees once they’d been approved by Senate
228. Boss Tweed – bribery, graft, fraudulent elections, Tweed Ring, NYC, honest cowed into silence, eventually jailed
229. Thomas Nast – NY Times cartoonist, offered bribe by Tweed, refused, exposed him, evidence in 1871, NY Times published despite bribe
230. Fisk & Gould – 1869 plot to corner gold market, dependent on Treasury not releasing gold, worked on Grant, bid price sky high on “Black Friday”
231. Credit Mobilier – RR construction company, hired themselves, overpaid themselves, distributed shares of stock to key congressmen, exposed in 1872
232. Whiskey Ring – 1875 exposed, robbed Treasury of Millions in excise tax revenues, Grant wrote to jury, thief escaped
233. Causes of Panic of 1873 – many bad loans, failure of Jay Cooke & Co, built too much
234. Bland-Allison Act – 1878 compromise, Treasury buy & coin b/w $2 and $4 million worth of silver bullion every month, gov’t bought only legal minimum
235. Crime of 73 – dropped coinage of silver dollars, later new silver discovered, silver prices dropped, many demanded inflation
236. Compromise of 1877 – Democrats agreed Hayes could take office if he withdrew federal troops from LA & SC, Republicans gave Democrats place at presidential patronage trough & support bill subsidizing TX & Pacific RR’s constriction of southern RR line
237. Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896, separate but equal was constitutional (SC ruling)
238. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – guaranteed equal accommodations in public, stopped racial discrimination in jury selection, useless for a long time
239. Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882, barred nearly all Chinese from US for 60 years
240. Pendleton Act – partially divorced politics from patronage, helped drive politicians into convenience “marriages” w/ big business leaders
241. Laissez-faire – gov’t not interfere w/ big business, adopted by Cleveland in 1885
242. Civil Service Commission – established by Pendleton Act, administer open competitive exams to applicants for posts in classified service
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this is what i've got from ch 20 -- lynette, 13:36:26 03/13/02 Wed
F. The Electoral Fruits of 1856
a) Buchanan won election
b) Fremont lost b/c of doubts of honesty, capacity, & judgement – North afraid election of sectional Republican would force secession
c) Republicans claimed “victorious defeat’ – new party impressive against Democrats
G. The Dred Scott Bombshell
a) Dred Scott sued for freedom on basis of long residence on free soil in IL & WS Territory
b) Supreme Court ruling stated that Scott was not a citizen & couldn’t sue in federal courts
c) Majority continued case under Chief Justice Taney from MD (slave state)
d) Court decreed b/c slave was private property – taken into any territory & legally held there in slavery
e) Court ruled Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional – Congress didn’t have power to ban slavery in territory, no matter what popular sovereignty held
f) North & Free-Soilers infuriated by Scott decision
g) South & slaveholders – upset by North ignoring Court decision, waiting for Civil War
H. The Financial Crash of 1857
a) CA gold inflated currency, Crimean War demands overstimulated grain growth, speculation ripped economic fabric
b) North hit hardest, South had good cotton prices abroad – unaffected mostly
c) Panic conditions convinced South cotton was king & economy stronger than North’s
d) North pushed for free farms of 160 acres from public domain – people argued land should be given to pioneers for their risk to get to it
e) Eastern industrialists – against free land, underpaid workers leave them
f) South – opposed, gang-labor slavery couldn’t do well on 160 acres
g) Free farms would fill up territories quickly w/ free-soilers, tip political balance
h) 1860 Congress passed homestead act – public lands for 25 cents/acre
i) Vetoed by Buchanan
j) Tariff of 1857 – reduced duties to about 20% - before panic
k) North blamed financial problems on Tariff
I. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges
a) 1858 IL senatorial election – Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas
b) Lincoln – born in KY, 1809, frontier school for year, self-educated, reader, wrestler, weight lifter, splitter of logs, storyteller, fits of melancholia
c) Married above himself, temperamental & high-strung wife, better-known trial lawyer in IL, “Honest Abe” – refused cases he couldn’t defend
d) Republican – one of foremost politicians & orators of Northwest
J. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas
a) Lincoln challenged Douglas to series of debates – 7 from August to October
b) Lincoln relied on logic, Douglas skilled orator
c) Most famous – Freepoint, IL – Lincoln asked, “If people voted slavery down,
Supreme Court says they cannot. Who’d prevail?”
d) Douglas “No matter how Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if people voted it so.”
e) Douglas defeated Lincoln, loyal to popular sovereignty, Honest Abe won morally
f) Lincoln had limelight as one of most prominent Northern politician, potential Republican nominee for Pres.
K. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr?
a) Scheme to invade South w/ few followers, incite rebellion, give them arms, establish free black state as sanctuary
b) Harpers Ferry – seized federal arsenal in October 1859 – killed 7 innocent people, injured ten – slaves did not rise, Brown wounded, his party captured
c) Trial – convicted of murder & treason – insanity supported by 17 friends & relatives (13 family members insane)
d) Brown dignified during trial, last words “This IS a beautiful country” – became martyr to abolitionist cause
e) South – how could they stay w/ North who’d send men to “Brown” them?
f) Abolitionists, free-soilers outraged by Brown’s execution – meant more in death than in life
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i don't have a lot guys - sorry - this is what i have of ch 17 -- lynette, 13:34:51 03/13/02 Wed
Chapter Seventeen Outline
I. “Cotton is King!”
a. Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 – dominant southern group, short-staple
b. Cotton Kingdom – huge agricultural factory, quick profits drew planters
c. Northern shippers profited – trade w/ England, buy needed good for sale
d. After 1840 – ½ of American exports = cotton
e. South produced more than ½ of world’s cotton
f. Britain leading industry – most impt manufacture – cotton cloth
g. South convinced of power of cotton, nations dependent
II. The Planter “Aristocracy”
a. Southern oligarchy – government by few rich people
b. Best schools & education, obligation to public
c. Favored aristocracy gov’t – undemocratic, bigger gap b/w rich & poor, hampered public education
d. Sir Walter Scott – favorite author among South, similar to their aristocracy
e. Mark Twain accused Scott of starting Civil War – bringing to life medieval times of Europe to South aristocracy
f. Almost no slaveholding women were abolitionists
III. Slaves of the Slave System
a. Plantation agriculture wasteful – cotton despoiled land – population moving West & Northwest
b. South economy monopolistic – small farms sold to plantation owners
c. Financially unstable – plantation system
d. Overspeculation in land & slaves – debt (slaves represented capital, deliberately injure or run away)
e. Dangerous dependence on cotton – discouraged diversity of crops
f. South resented North’s profit & their own dependence on North
g. Cotton Kingdom repelled European immigration – most Anglo-Saxon section in America
IV. The White Majority
a. Only ¼ white southerners owned slaves or were part of slaveholding family
b. Smaller slaveowners made up majority of masters – small farmers mostly
c. Resembled Northern farmers except for slaves – worked side by side w/ slaves
d. ¾ southern white population didn’t own slaves by 1860 – simple living
e. Whites w/o slaves no direct stake in slavery – stout defenders of slave system b/c their dreams of having enough land to have slaves
f. Fierce pride in racial superiority – whites as bad as or worse than slaves
g. Mountain whites – spartan frontier conditions, living ancestry – hated planters & slaves
h. Mountain whites held vitally impt part of Union – played role in crippling Confederacy
V. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
a. 250,000 by 1860 in South – upper South from Revolutionary days idealism, deeper South mulattoes usually emancipated children
b. Many free blacks – property holders, some owned slaves
c. Free blacks in South – “third race” – prohibited from certain occupations, forbidden from testifying against whites in court, vulnerable to being highjacked back into slavery, resented & detested by protectors of slave system
d. 250,000 in North – unpopular, some states forbade entrance, most denied right to vote, some barred from public schools
e. Especially hated by Irish immigrants – competition for jobs
f. Frederick Douglass – mobbed & beaten several times by northern rowdies
g. South hated race, liked individuals – North liked race, hated individuals
VI. Plantation Slavery
a. 4 million slaves in South in 1860 – quadruples since 1800
b. Thousands blacks smuggled in against law of 1808
c. One slave trader executed – N.P. Gordon in NY in 1862
d. Increase in slave population – natural reproduction, distinguished America from other societies
e. Planters regarded slaves as investments – nearly $2 billion by 1860
f. Slaves primary form of wealth – sometimes spared dangerous work
g. Hobbled economic development of region – cotton sucked more slaves to lower South
h. Slave auctions – families separated, one of most revolting practices of slavery
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Wanted Dealership -- Spice Computer Networking, 12:09:39 03/05/02 Tue
Want Dealership of any reliable company for distributing their goods in eastern india.
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here i am... -- mags, 13:25:16 03/04/02 Mon
i'm officially joining. signing on the dotted line. yeah.
so can anyone help me out with these two--
bonus bill
tallmadge amendment
coz for some reason i can't find them in the book.
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Free Sunglasses? -- Alex, 15:29:56 01/02/02 Wed
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help -- Whatever, 16:41:25 11/05/01 Mon
Hi i just wanted to know if i can have some pics of britian striking back against the boston tes party!
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my butt is leaking diarehheah -- poopy pants, 14:31:25 07/02/01 Mon
I am spraying foul ass juice from my anus.
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sigh -- saira, 14:23:42 06/04/01 Mon
so history's finished. done with. OVER.
but we're still posting. sigh. we are SUCH honour students, aye?
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let's beat mr darton at his own game... -- lynette, 14:07:52 06/03/01 Sun
AND WE DID!! YAY FOR TRIF'S CLASS CAUSE WE WERE AT A DISADVANTAGE AND WE STILL KICKED BUTT!
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niiice -- matt, 16:46:12 06/01/01 Fri
good job everyone.
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history terms -- lynette, 11:21:51 05/28/01 Mon
Grange - organized agrarian group "Patrons of Husbandry", pressured midwestern legislatures to regulate railraod monopoly, 1875-800,000 members
Granger Laws - badly drawn and fought through courts by lawyers, tried to regulate rates, storage feews, after this the Grange faded quickly
credit mobilizer - 1867-1868, railroad construction co, hired themselves to build, $50,000/mile for something costing $30,000/mile, exposed by NY newspaper in 1872, 2nd Congress formally censored, VP accepted 20 shares & dividends
Civil Rights Bill of 1875 - guarantee equal accomodationsin public places, prohibited racial discrimination, last of congressional radical Republicans, useless law
Tariff of 1857 - reduced duties to 20% on dutiable goods, then financial panic, some blamed misfortune on tariff's low rates
John Quincy Adams - 1824 to 1828, Corrupt Bargain w/ Clay, NE'er, Tariff of 1828, Patriot, aristocrat, Monroe Doctrine, Senator, House of Reps, foreign minister, internal improvements, not into spoils system
Panic of 1873 - railroad speculation in cosntruction, overexpansion in industry & agriculture & commerce, failure of powerful banking firm (Jay Cooke & Co), affected nat'l income & employment, gov't released $26 million
Joseph Glidden - invented superiour barbed wire in 1874, by 1883 600 miles turning out every day
transcontinental railroad - completed at Promontory Point Utah, link up of Central Pacific Railroad from West & Union Pacific Railroad from East
rise of sectionalism - protective tariffs, slavery, MS compromise, McCulloch v. Maryland
Bleeding Kansas - w/o settled gov't, raids b/w anti & pro slavery cont'd, 200 killed, $2 million in property destroyed from Nov 1855 to Dec 1856, House wouldn't seat Pro-Slavery or Free State delegates in 1856
slaughterhouse cases - 1869 LA law allowing one slaughterhouse corp exclusive rights, put small businesses out, pay fee to use equipment of large corp, 14th amendment protects people from such
Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854 treaty with Japan, US permitted consulate & US ships permitted to enter some ports for limited trade, signed by Matthew Perry
Treaty of Wanghia - 1844, 1st signed b/w China & Us, US gained access to CHinese ports, created b/c US feared British advantage in business
Pre-Emption Act - 1841 passed by Congress, squatters allowed to pre-empt land, 160 acres, 14 months after residence buy from gov't before public
Webster-Ashburton treaty - 1842 resolution of conflict b/w Maine & New Brunswick, Congress authorized 50,000 men & $10 million, General Winfield Scott arranged truce, signed by Britain, settled NorthEast boundary of US, ended border conflict w/ Canada & US hope to free Canada from Britain
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here's more for ya saira dear. now where's mine?? :) -- len, 11:07:03 05/28/01 Mon
transcendentalism - movment in US during 1800's, Emerson was theorist, Thoreaus was doer, Whitman inspired, believed that truth transcends, Oversoul, people reflected in nature
DOrothea Dix - 1843 appeal to MASS to improve conditions, reformer for mentally ill, believed them to be ILL not perverse
Frederick Doulass - former slave, abolitionist, orator, gifted lecturer, wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1845
Gadsden Purchase - 1853 treaty ceding land for $10 million to US from James Gadsden, criticized by paying too much $ for desert size of South Caroline, Senate approved, South got railroad
Ostend Manifesto - American envoys' confidential preparations for Cuba acquisition, document urged US to pay $120 million, Spain said no & endangered US interests, US justified in taking from Spanish, info leaked, North angry, Pierce dropped plans
Kansas-Nebraska Act - passed by Congress, separated Nebraska into 2 states, democratic vote to hold slavery, MS compromise forbade slavery norht of 36 30 line, overruled by Pierce & Douglass (frederick)
Republican party - spontaneous from Midwest as protest against slavery gains, sectional group
Know-Nothing Party - 1849, Order of the Star Spangled Banner, secretive, anti-immigrants, lurid fiction authors
William Walker - American explorer, tried to control Nicaragua in 1850's, made himself Pres in June 1856, legalized slavery, coalition of Central Americans formed alliance to overthrow him (and they did!)
Fisk & Gould - notoriious millionaires, plotted in 1869 to "corner" gold market, worked on Grant and brother-in-laws, bid price of gold higly, Treasury released gold, plot failed
Knights of Labor - 1869, secret society until 1881, all workers in 1 union, excluded liquore dealers/pro-gamblers/lawyers/bankers/stockbrokers, for economical and social reform, 8 hr workday, health codes, 1886 May Day strikes, group associated w/ anarchy, gone by 1890's
Standard Oil CO - owned by Rockefeller, controlled world petroleum market, horizontal integration & the trust (joining with others to monopolize market)(stock assigned to Bd of Directors of huge co)
Apache Wars - led by Geronimo, pursued into Mexico, farmed in Ok, raised stock, braves returned after women exiled to Fl
Boss Tweed (William Marcy) - bribery graft, fraudulent elections to make $200 million from city, Times published evidence in 1871, Tweed arrested, lack of ethics typical of 1870's, "Tweed Ring" in NYC
reservations - ghettoized NA's, wards of gov't, land grants from gov't to Na's to pacify them for taking their land
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some of my sections (without ones i don't know) -- lynette, 08:18:45 05/20/01 Sun
WI=West Indies, NA=Native Americans, Yankees DO NOT EQUAL baseball team
XYZ Affair -1797- 3 american delegates sent to france, approached by 3 French asking for $32 million loan and $250,000 bribe to talk with Talleyrand.
Undeclared War With France - 1798 to 1800 - sea confined around WI, US captured over 80 armed French vessels, several hundred Yankees died.
Alien & Sedition Acts - 1798 laws set to reduce Jeffersonians, raised residence requirements fronm 5 to 14 years, stopped opendoor hospitality & speedy assimilation, gave PRES right to deport dangerous foreigners in peacetiem & deport or imprison during wartime, never enforced, contrary to Constitution spirit & to American tradition.
VA & KY Resolutions - written by Monroe & Jefferson, adopted in 1798, states created federal gov't so they could judge whether contract was broken or exceeded Constitutional powers in which case nullification was necessary.
Convention of 1800 - treaty b/w French & Americans, French divorced marriage of convenience, America paid for damage claims of US shippers.
Interchangeable Parts - invented by Eli Whitney, first used for rifle about 1798, widely adopted by 1850, basis of modern-mass production.
John Marshall - Chief Justice of Supreme Court, VA Federalist, magnified authority of court in decision of 1801, promoted "judicial review" where Supreme Court had last word on question of Constitutionality.
Midnight Judges - created by Adams's Judiciary Act of 1801, Federalist judges, most replaced.
Robert Owen - established communal society in IL in 1825, Scottish manufacturer, attracted visionaries & radicals & theorists & scoundrels
New Harmony - society created by Robert Owen, peaceful colony.
American System - Henry Clay's plan of 1824 - - - a)protective tariff, b)money funded roads & canals, c)food and raw materials to East & North, 4)manufactured goods to South & West
Tariff of Abominations - pushed duties high as 45& on certain items, new tax on raw materials, hated by Southerners & NE'ers, passed by NE to defend protective measures.
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hi guys -- lynette, 08:08:15 05/20/01 Sun
sorry i can't post them all cause i'm an idiot who left my notebook at school. however, i do have some notecards done so here goes. and you guys seriously need to get your sections done because in order for us to pass we need to know all the info and not just our own sections. okie i'm posting in the next post.
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ummm -- saira, 17:56:28 05/03/01 Thu
guys, we haveta stay more. in the icky heat, i know. but still. darton's out to have us fail! and we will not perish.
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my butt itches. -- john bell, 18:07:42 04/22/01 Sun
my butt itches.
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wow -- lynette, 10:56:56 04/22/01 Sun
sorry not a lot getting done over here. i'm starting again right now i swear. ooo well tuesday.
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slacker -- saira, 19:14:57 04/10/01 Tue
being that i am forever chained in my house with only a bowl of water and some stale bread to appease my growing appetite, i have still not worked on ANY history stuff. i apologize and will shift ass (sorry trif) on monday. maybe...
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question for mr. t -- lynette, 12:59:36 04/05/01 Thu
what are "midnight judges?"
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hey kids -- matt, 16:26:09 04/04/01 Wed
by the way, these colors have to go. seriously dizzy.
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1700-1763 -- lynette, 11:07:28 04/04/01 Wed
NE=New England, WI=West Indies, GA=Great Awakening, NA=North Americans
Treaty of Utrecht - 1713. Peace terms after French and Spanish were beaten. Rewarded Britain with Arcadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, Hudson Bay.
Yale - Founded in 1701 in New Haven, CT. Congregational denomination, 3rd college founded in the United States.
Triangular Trade - Sea route from NE to West Africa with rum, from Africa to WI with slaves, and from WI to America with sugar & molasses.
Mercantilism - Idea that the colonies' sole purpose was to provide for the mother country. Bitterly resented by British colonists in America.
Georgia - Royal colony founded in 1733 by group of philanthropists with the purpose of acting as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana.
Oglethorpe - One of the philanthropists who founded GA. Defended Georgia against Spanish (fought them to a standstill) in the War of Jenkin's Ear in 1739.
Jonathan Edwards - Intellectual pastor and theologist from MASS. Started the GA of the 1730's and 40's. "Folly of believing in salvation through God's works", people must depend on God's grace.
Revivalism - Idea of the GA that revived the failing religions in America.
George Whitefield - English minister who adopted Edwards's ideas and introduced evangelism during the GA. New light.
Great Awakening - Religious revival of the 1730's and 40's that swpet up America and united Americans as a country for the 1st time ever.
John Peter Zenger - Newspaper printer who was charged with seditious libel about the governor. Defended by Andrew Hamilton in the 1734-35 case and argued that what was printed was the truth. Epochal case that pointed the way to freedom of expression in America.
War of Jenkin's Ear - 1739 war between England and Spain. Started in America when Spanish cut off Cpt Jenkin's ear. Confined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia that merged of Austrian Succession in Europe.
Old Lights - Preachers who held with the old style of preaching and theological reasoning. Not relying on emotion.
New Lights - Revivalists and evangelists who reverted to Edwards's beliefs during the GA.
French and Indian War - Also referred to as the Seven Years' War and the Seven Seas' War from 1756-1763. Began in America between the colonists and French trappers. England & Prussia supported Americans vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia. France lost only because they couldn't concentrate in wars in Europe and America.
War of the Austrian Succession - France and Spain vs. Britain. Peace treaty in 1748 after eight years of war. Also called "King George's War" that occurred in 1744-1748.
Treaty of Paris - 1763. Kept the French off North America permanently although minorities remained in Canada. France was allowed to keep sugar islands in WI and 2 fishing stations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They ceded the trans-MS and LA & outlet of New Orleans to Spain. Spain gave FL for Cuba to England. Made Britian dominant in North America and the leading naval power of the world.
Mason-Dixon Line - Originally the southern boundary of colonial PA. Later became the division between the North and South during the Civil War.
Paxton Boys - Scotch-Irish rebels who marched on Philadelphia in 1764 to protest Quaker leniency toward the NA's.
Proclamation Line of 1763 - Britain prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Purpose was to work out the NA problem fairly and prevent another Pontiac's uprising.
Pontiac's Rebellion - Postwar flare-up against the whites in Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region in 1763 that wiped out many British posts. The British retaliated by distributing blankets infected with smallpox among the NA's.
Princeton - Originally the College of New Jersey and of Presbyterian denomination in 1746.
Molasses Act - 1733 British act passed to stop the North American trade with the French WI. No effect because the Americans simply smuggled and bribed their way around the law.
Admiralty Courts - Courts formed by Britain and present in America where there was no jury, only a magistrate on whose shoulders the decision rested. Offenders of the Stamp and Sugar Acts were to be tried in these which the Americans were not happy about at all.
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oooo -- mr. T, 10:09:19 04/03/01 Tue
The next question on your guys test will be...
How were pirates and privateers different from each other???
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not posting -- lynette, 17:41:45 04/02/01 Mon
not posting today. too much other stuff today. it'll be up tomorrow i swear.
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1st page - finish of the ones we didn't know -- lynette, 15:23:04 03/28/01 Wed
Regulators - 176something. Scotch-Irish small and nasty rebellion in NC against eastern domination of colony's affairs.
East India Tea Company Act - gave EITea a privileged position in American markets in order to help pay off EITC debts. Expensive, only tea offered in America. 1774.
Committees of Correspondence - started by VA in 1773 they were established in every colony. Carried messages, ideas, and info through other colonies, evolved into 1st Congress. These made the colonies favor united action.
4 Intolerable Acts (Townshend Acts)
#1 - 1774 Boston Port Act. Closing of Boston's harbor to punish colonists for Boston Tea Party. Port closed until price of tea destroyed was paid.
#2 - MASS Gov't Act forbade public meetings unless sanctioned by the governor. (royal guv'nor i'm guessing?)
#3 - Administration of Justice Act. Any British officials accused of capital offenses were to be sent to Britain for trial. Americans believed they'd be left off easily.
#4 - Quartering Act forced residents of MASS to feed and house the British soldiers of the King.
Olive Branch Petition - 1775 American message to King George III urging a return to the "former harmonY' that had existed between Britain and the colonies.
Wealth of Nations - 1776 political economist Adam Smith's view. He judged the significance of colonies by examination but held a bias because he disapproved of excessive regulation of colonial trade by their parent countries. Other ideas were that the discovery of the New World had brought wealth and prosperity to the Old World as well as divided mankind. Insightful, dispassionate, passage of economic theorist who discussed the problems in lanuguage understandable to all.
Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line - ?? COULDN'T FIND. WILL LOOK IN MR T'S OTHER BOOKS AT NEXT MEETING.
Land Ordinance of 1785 - acreage of Old Northwest was to be sold and the money was to be used to help pay off the national debt. Also, towns were to be divided into 36 sections, one square mile per section and the land was to be surveyed.
Suffolk Resolves - resolutions endoresed by the 1st Continental Congress in 1774. Denounced Intolerable Acts, urged colonies to form militias, called on colonies to suspend trade with the British empire.
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matt! -- saira, 15:42:18 03/27/01 Tue
what's the password? i wanna make it pretty...
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Albany Plan -- Mr. T, 13:23:42 03/27/01 Tue
The plan, created by Bejamin Franklin, to establish a colonial confederation. This plan was accepted by all of the delegates at the Albany Congress, however each colony rejected this plan. Franklin's idea was spawned from the Iroqouis confederation.
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the ones we didn't know from first page -- saira, 12:34:32 03/27/01 Tue
Halfway Covenant – 1662 – partial membership rights to the unconverted Puritans
Wool Act – originally made for Ireland, suppressed American manufacturing of wool
Queen Anne’s War – Britain vs. coureurs de bois with primitive NA allies; guerilla warfare in America
John Law and the MS Company – 1717 – Scottish financier, land speculator, owned Western (MS) Co.; pledged to develop LA and give exclusive right to trade on river. French Duke of Orleans encouraged him to start bank; inflated money, went bankrupt and back to Europe
Assiento – exclusive right to supply the Spanish colonies in America with slaves, given to British in Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Albany Plan
James Otis – lawyer agitated people to revolt, defended colonial rights against crown
Writs of Assistance – issued by British, allowed officials to conduct unrestricted searches
Hat Act – 1732 – prevented American competition with British hatmakers by restricting colonial hat manufacturing
Iron Act – above, only concerning iron
Sugar Act – 1764 – increased duty on sugar from West Indies to increase colonial revenue, lowered after protests
Stamp Act Congress – 1765, NYC, 27 delegates from 9 colonies, statement of rights and grievances to repeal – ignored, broke down sectional suspicions and stepped toward colonial unity
Declaratory Act – gave Parliament right to bind colonies in any case – futile
John Dickinson – wrote Letters from a Farmer, statement that Townshend acts were unacceptable measures to raise money
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1607-1650 -- saira, 12:33:04 03/27/01 Tue
NA = Native American
Jamestown – site selected in 1607; named after King James I; unhealthy area where many colonists suffered
John Smith – adventurer who whipped Jamestown colonists into shape – they wanted money but would do nothing for survival
John Rolfe – married Pocahontas in 1614; perfected method of raising and curing tobacco which became staple crop of VA
Tobacco - staple crop of the colonies, helped them economically
House of Burgesses – representative self-government authorized by the London Co. in 1619
Slaves – first came in 1619 to the colonies
Mayflower Compact – written by Pilgrim leaders in agreement to form a political body and submit to the will of the majority
Massachusetts Bay Colony – 1629 – non-Separatist Puritans secured a royal chater; first governor was John Winthrop, prospered in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding; only the freemen had control in the government but church officials couldn’t have a high position because church and state was to be separate; in 1691 it was made a royal colony and its charter taken away after the people caused uproar due to Glorious Revolution in England
Fundamental Orders of CT – 1639 – settlers drafted document that had citizens democratically control the government
Maryland – second plantation colony, fourth founded, by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics and aristocrats
Maryland Act of Toleration – gave religious toleration in Maryland in 1649 to all Christians
Plymouth Colony
Pequot War – 1636 – NA resisted settlement in CT river valley by English; colonists burned and killed 600
Rhode Island – formed by a fleeing Roger Williams, religious tolerance, housed exiles
Thomas Hooker – Reverend who led a group of Puritans into Hartford in 1635
Antinomianism – if you’re predestined, why follows laws of land or God?
Anne Hutchinson – believed in Antinomianism and was banished from Massachusetts; fled to Rhode Island, and later New York
Harvard – founded in 1636 by Massachusetts Puritans
New England Confederation – in 1643, 4 colonies (Massachusetts colonies: Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony Conneticut colonies: New Haven and scattered village settlements) banded together; functioned usefull during King Phillip’s War
Charles I vs. Cromwell – Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629, but then called it back in 1640; Civil Wars broke out, led by Oliver Cromwell and Charles I was beheaded and Cromwell ruled England for a decade
Proprietary colony – controlled by proprietors
Royal colony – ruled directly by the crown
Charter colony – allows settlement into new world with same rights as Englishmen but with more freedom
Indenture servant – white slaves who worked for their freeom
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Re: townshed acts -- jassy2 cute, 17:31:57 09/16/06 Sat
Re: townshed acts -- casandra, 15:23:43 09/20/06 Wed
Re: what tha fukr -- William Higgins, 05:52:45 02/21/05 Mon
No thank you -- Indivra, 18:16:01 11/04/03 Tue