| Subject: ID's 218-224 |
Author:
Ifeoma Nwaneri
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Date Posted: 19:13:34 05/21/02 Tue
In reply to:
Ifeoma Nwaneri
's message, "Re: ID Stuff" on 20:12:48 05/20/02 Mon
* Four spheres of the rule of law:
1) civil rights, which refers to the rights belonging to an individual by virtue of citizenship
2) horizontal accountability, which refers to a balance of power among the branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial
3) property rights, which refers to the right of ownership
4) criminal justice, which refers to the system of law enforcement, the bar, the judiciary, corrections, and probation that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, defense, sentencing, incarceration, and supervision of those suspected of or charged with criminal offenses.
* Jardim das Camelias (accent over the 'e' in Camelias :o):
Neighborhood studied by Holston when he was trying to explain the ambiguous nature of land claims in Brazil (to get stats about neighborhood, look on page 258 of Intro to Latin American Studies Course reader, under A CASE OF LAND FRAUD).
* Ackel estate:
One of the many players in land dispute claims in Jardim das Camelias, Brazil. Basically, approximately 207 lots were claimed by many different parties, the Ackel estate being one of them. The nature of this land dispute was very complicated because of the fraudulent state of Brazilian land policy. In the end, the Ackel estate conceded the 207 lots in the dispute to Adis, which in turn conceded an equivalent number to Ackel in other areas of Jardim das Camelias. Many neighbors still saw this as a pact among thieves to establish a united front against the increasing activity of squatters in the area.
* Movimento dos sem terra (MST - Brazilian Landless People's Movement):
The Brazilian Landless Workers Movement is the largest social movement in Latin America and one of the most successful grassroots movements in the world. Hundreds of thousands of landless peasants have taken onto themselves the task of carrying out a long-overdue land reform in a country mired by an overly skewed land distribution pattern. Less than 3% of the population owns two-thirds of Brasil's arable land. While 60% of Brasil's farmland lies idle, 25 million peasants struggle to survive by working in temporary agricultural jobs. The Landless Workers' Movement (MST) is a response to these inequalities. In 1985, with the support of the Catholic Church, hundreds of landless rural Brasilians took over an unused plantation in the south of the country and successfully established a cooperative there. They gained title to the land in 1987. Today more than 250,000 families have won land titles to over 15 million acres after MST land takeovers. (to read more about this, go to http://www.mstbrazil.org/)
* formalized usurpation: (NOT SURE ABOUT THIS!!!)
to make official or legitimate a wrongful seizure or exercise of authority or privilege belonging to another by claiming observance of proper procedure (ok, sound confusing? i thought so!) i'm not sure about this but i think it's referring to the whole land claim mess. Adis, another player in the land ownership issue, claimed that the Ackel estate had in fact usurped the rights Adis had in developing the 1924 subdivision plan. But of course, the Ackel estate claimed no wrongdoing, insisting that they obtained the land through legal procedures. but we all know that with the corrupt nature of Brazilian land policy at the time, there probably was no proper procedure.
*justiceiros: WHAT?! sorry, not sure about this...i'm going to keep looking though.
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