| Subject: ID's 71-77 |
Author:
Andres A. Elenes
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Date Posted: 13:09:29 05/23/02 Thu
71.) Economic Reform / Economic Liberalization:
In Chile, where economic liberalization took place under a dictatorship without party involvement, and the scope of policy difference has narrowed and perhaps devalued party labels, elected representatives are less loyal to party leaders and more open to constituency service than most people believe was true in the recent past. In Brazil, on the other hand, parties that had to achieve supermajorities in Congress in order to enact reform via constitutional amendment are evolving from mere ephemeral electoral vehicles for the temporary use of powerful politicians with a strong personal vote, to cohesive, disciplined, participants in government.
72.)Market Friendly Reform:
The key to their proposed reforms is deregulation of the hidebound labor markets and more job flexibility. Substantial reductions in individual and corporate tax rates and regulatory reform.
73.)Informal Sector of the Economy”
The informal sector (IS) describes economic activity that takes place outside the formal norms of economic transactions established by the state and formal business practices but which is not clearly illegal in itself. Generally, the term applies to small or micro-business that are the result of individual or family self-employment. It includes the production and exchange of legal goods and services that involves the lack of appropriate business permits, violation of zoning codes, failure to report tax liability, non-compliance with labor regulations governing contracts and work conditions, and/or the lack of legal guarantees in relations with suppliers and clients.
74.)Human Capital:
Schooling, a computer training course, expenditures on medical care and lectures on the virtues of punctuality and honesty are capital too, in the sense that they improve health, raise earnings or add to a person's appreciation of literature over much of his or her lifetime. In the 21st century, human capital is becoming more important because economies, companies and jobs are increasingly based on knowledge activities rather than physical labor and raw materials. Knowledge and skills that once lasted a lifetime now need to be updated every three to four years.
75.)“Second Stage Reforms”:
The crux of the "second generation" of reform concerns completing the transformation of the State’s role in the economy. Obviously, reducing state intervention in the economy and increasing the transparency of government operations are absolutely essential in limiting the opportunities for corruption and in enhancing public accountability.
76.)Virgen de Guadalupe
December 1531 an Indian, Juan Deigo, claimed that as he was passing the hill the Virgin Mary appeared o him in the guise of an Indian maiden and instructed him to tell Bishop Zumarraga to build her a shrine on that very spot. That hill was sacred to the Aztec mother goddess, Tonantzin. A rosebush suddenly bloomed on the barren hillside, and when the roses were brought to the bishop in Diego’s cloak they miraculously turned into the painting of the brown virgin. The brown virgin of Guadalupe became the cult of central México’s Indians, who worshipped at her shrine in ways that recalled the rituals of the Aztecs more than the rites of Spain. The Church used the virgin as a social safety valve and as an aid to coversion.
77.)Pentecostalism:
Assemblies of God, Brazil for Christ, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Took off from Methodism’s theology and Baptism’s recipe for salvation but stressed conversion through direct experience of the Holy Spirit. Mother church that spread a network of satellite churches through urban neighborhoods and surrounding communities. Stressed on the capacity of ordinary people filled with the Holy Spirit to become church leaders turned every member into an evangelist. Mostly poor urban migrants and working class women. 40 Million converts. Faith healings are today’s miracles, testimonies of grace and substitutes for the modern medicine that the poor cannot afford and rural migrants do not trust. Pentecostal groups cut their converts off from the surrounding society, creating comprehensible communities comparable to the rural villages they left. Functioned as support groups that help new arrivals adjust to urban life and find jobs and housing. They stressed sobriety, thrift, and self-help, enhanced sense of self worth and self confidence.
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