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Date Posted: 15:26:52 03/19/02 Tue
Author: lynette
Subject: REVIEW FROM CHAPTERS 1 THROUGH 24 - from the Worksheets

Chapter 1-24 Review
1. Treaty of Tordesillas – Spanish & Portugese treaty, divided up America into halves, pope had hand in it
2. Primogeniture – eldest son inherits father’s holdings & possessions
3. Enclosure – rich took up land, pushed yeomen off, many migrated to America
4. Second Charter of Virginia – gave Virginians rights of Englishmen
5. John Rolfe – one of 1st adventurers, settled in VA, helped make it successful tobacco export settlement
6. 1619 – 1st slaves into America, House of Burgesses founded
7. Lord Baltimore – started colony of Maryland as Catholic haven
8. James Oglethorpe – started Georgia w/ philanthropists, became buffer zone, 1733
9. John Calvin – enlarged Lutheran beliefs, created idea of predestination & the elect, Puritanism founded on it
10. Puritans – religion founded on Calvinism, purify Church of England
11. Separatists – most conservative & orthodox Puritans, wanted to separate from Church of England, separation of church & state
12. Quakers – nonviolent religion, 1st abolitionists, did not believe in swearing oaths or in earthly titles, many flocked to PA, no clergy
13. Roger Williams – exiled from community, escaped & founded RI, founded Baptist, friendly w/ NA’s
14. Anne Hutchinson – exiled from MBC for antinomianism belief
15. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – 1st model of Constitution, split power of government (separation of powers)
16. Headright System – pay people to come to America, promised them land
17. New England Confederation – alliance of certain colonies to protect themselves from NA’s
18. Charles I – king of England who dismissed Parliament, beheaded, replaced by Oliver Cromwell
19. William Penn – Quaker from England, granted land from king, founded Pennsylvania, colony of religious freedom
20. Peter Stuyvesant –Dutch general in America (NY)
21. Maryland Act of Toleration – granted religious freedoms to all but those who denied divinity of Christ
22. Indentured Servants – people under contract to labor for set amount of years before being set free
23. Nathaniel Bacon – raised rebellion in VA, resented friendliness toward NA’s, eventually caught & hanged
24. Characteristics of New England Colonies – mostly Puritan, non-farmers, exporters of lumber, fishing & fur trades, theocracy rampant, family-oriented
25. Characteristics of the Middle Colonies – most religiously free, most diverse, mostly farmers, grain producers
26. Characteristics of the Chesapeake Colonies – tobacco exporters, slavery most popular, large plantations, men outnumbered women 6 to 1
27. Salem Witch Trials – started in 1692, girls accused many of witchcraft, 20 people & 2 dogs died (executed)
28. Antinomianism – Anne Hutchinson’s “heresy” that the elect need not obey laws
29. Mayflower Compact – signed by Pilgrims on board ship, constitution or agreement, set up politic & agree w/ the majority ruling
30. Baptists – founded in RI by Roger Williams
31. Leisler’s Rebellion – New York
32. Glorious Revolution – James II overthrown, Bloodless Revolution, placed William & Mary of Scotland on throne
33. Half-way Covenant – Puritans agreed to accept some of the non-elect into church, needed to boost attendance
34. William & Mary – monarchs placed on English throne as result of Glorious Revolution, name of college founded in 1693
35. Congregational Church – one of 2 main churches in America, Puritans
36. Cavaliers – Anglican English noblemen, supported Charles I, migrated to VA
37. Roundheads – backers of Cromwell, migrated to NE, Puritans
38. Triangular Trade – certain trade routes (2), one is from New England to Africa to West Indies & back again with rum then slaves then molasses
39. Molasses Act –
40. Great Awakening – religious revival of 1700’s, emotional sermons in church vs. dry & factual, first time denominational doors broken down, 1st time Americans united, beginnings of evangelism, ideas of Jonathan Edwards behind it
41. Old Lights – preachers & others supporting traditional church system
42. New Lights – (“Trifiroites”) favored new way of preaching w/ emotions & fervor attached
43. John Peter Zenger – news editor brought to court, charged with libel & slander, defense that it could not be either if it was true, won case & freedoms of press and speech, landmark case, defended by Andrew Hamilton
44. Royal Colony – king’s colony (or queen’s)
45. Charter Colony – people of colony get charter (ex: CT & RI)
46. Proprietary Colony – one or group given land or colony
47. French & Indian War – ended in 1753, also called the Seven Years’ War, between French & British
48. Ohio Valley – British & French fought over land, GW as LT. Col. there, lost w/ all honors
49. General Braddock – died @ Fort Duquesne, ambushed, incompetent
50. Proclamation Line of 1763 – Americans to stay east of Appalachians, Brits didn’t want to pay for troops to defend from the NA’s
51. Sugar Act – tax raised, 1764, Americans weren’t paying before, angry
52. Stamp Act – boycott started, tax on all paper docs, began the Stamp Act Congress of 1765
53. Navigation Acts – exports had to be on British ships, stop @ British ports, British sailors, British tax, America smuggled around them
54. Mercantilism – colonies exist to support mother country by exporting novelties
55. Admiralty Courts – guilty until proven innocent, no jury, imposed on colonies
56. Virtual representation – colonies represented by English in Parliament, not physically present
57. Real representation – colonists demanded actual, physical representation in Parliament
58. Declaration of Independence – TJ wrote it, break away from England, blamed King for problems in America, July 4th 1774
59. Loyalists – British supporters & aristocrats, many located in Southern colonies
60. Saratoga – turning point of Revolution, French joined colonists, colonists began winning
61. Treaty of Paris 1783 – ended war, gave Americans independence, prolonged by Joshua Huddy, settled boundaries (Great Lakes, MS River, FL)
62. Episcopal Church –
63. State Constitutions (2 contributions to Constitution) – Bill of Rights, separation of powers from the Fundamental Orders of CT
64. Confederation – no big central gov’t, state gov’t has big power
65. Federation – strong nat’l gov’t, weak state gov’t, stronger unity
66. Articles of Confederation (weaknesses) – couldn’t enforce taxes w/o tax, couldn’t vote & say no w/o rep, no commerce control b/c states had different standards
67. Land Ordinance of 1785 – no less than 3 states, no more than 5, all free
68. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – divided land into townships, states ceded their land in OH valley to gov’t
69. Shay’s Rebellion – MASS taxes declared unfair, Revolutionary veterans & farmers demanded reparations, led by Daniel Shay
70. Annapolis Convention – suggests convention be held to amend Articles, propose whole new Constitution
71. 2 major compromises of Constitutional Convention – bicameral gov’t where all states get 2 senators but in the House big states get more representation than the smaller states, 3/5 compromise
72. Stamp Act Congress – 1765, New York, organize boycott against British goods, 1st time colonists say similarities b/w themselves
73. Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense, pamphlet sold well, scolded colonists for cowardice in not declaring their true feelings about independence
74. 4 major positions of the Federalist & Anti-Federalist Parties: Federalists AKA Hamiltonians believed in a strong central gov’t, were pro-British, believed foreign trade was key, and feared gullibility of the “commoners” – Anti-Federalists AKA Jeffersonians believed in a weak central gov’t, were pro-French, wanted an agriculturally based economy, and believed in the rule of the people
75. Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795, Spanish & US, result of Jay’s Treaty, US gained free navigation of MS River & large territory north of FL
76. Jay’s Treaty – 1794, English & US, Brits evacuated US post, pay damages for seizures of US ships
77. Excise tax – domestic items, 1791, whiskey 7 cents a gallon
78. Whiskey Rebellion – 1794, farmers in PA protested excise tax, pardoned, GW summoned militias
79. 2 key points of Washington’s Farewell Address – no foreign entanglements, no permanent political parties, yes to temporary alliances
80. XYZ Affair – 1797, envoys sent to France, XYZ approached envoys for bribe to talk to Talleyrand, Americans enraged
81. Alien & Sedition Acts – president allowed to deport in peacetime deport or imprison in time of hostility, could be fined & imprisoned
82. Undeclared war – 2.5 years hostility b/w France & US, happened in sea around WI
83. VA & KY Resolutions – KY in 1798 & 1799, VA in 1798, compact theory stated that states created nat’l gov’t so states can judge whether nat’l gov’t had broken contract by overstepping their authority
84. Tripoli War – war on US from Africa, took 4 years, 1805 peace treaty
85. Louisiana Purchase – 1803 secret pact, LA to US for $15 million, unconstitutional
86. Midnight judges – Judiciary Act of 1801, created 16 federal judgeships & officers, attempt to control branch gov’t
87. John Marshall – chief justice, gave Federalist devisions, decreed Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
88. Samuel Chase – charges of impeachment, 1804, found not guilty, precedent to not change SC by impeachment (House of R)
89. Chesapeake Affair – 1807, US v. Britain, Brits demanded deserters, US refused, Brits killed 3, wounded 18, took deserters back
90. Embargo – 1809, US cut off exporting, commerce hurt badly, illegal trade w/ Canada
91. Non Intercourse Act – trade w/ world except England & France, cont’d until 1812
92. Lewis & Clark – expedition from MS River to Columbia River, claim to Oregon, opened up the West
93. Marbury v. Madison – Marshall dismissed Marbury, JA of 1789 deemed unconstitutional, Marbury was suing for delivery of commission
94. Macon’s Bill #2 – trade but if GB or F repealed restrictions US would restore nonimportation against other nations
95. Henry Clay – speaker of House, war hawk
96. William Henry Harrison – beat NA’s @ Tippecanoe, broke their rebellion
97. War of 1812 – fought GB b/c impressments, arming of NA’s, Republic relationship w/ French – one of worst fought wars by US ever
98. Andrew Jackson – command of US forces, defended at Battle of New Orleans, deemed a war hero
99. Treaty of Ghent – ended War of 1812, signed in Europe, Battle of New Orleans 2 weeks later, armistice
100. Impressment – took US sailors as workers, stole people
101. Hartford Convention – 1814, MASS called, RI & CT responded w/ full representation, NH & VT responded w/ partial representation, lasted 3 weeks
102. Rush-Bagot Treaty – 1817, British & US, limited navy armament on lakes, last fortifications down in the 1870’s
103. 2nd Bank of America – 1816, $35 million in capital, Anti-Federalists for it, Federalists against it
104. Tariff of 1816 – prices below cost, 20-25% dutiable imports, not enough safety
105. Treaty of 1818 – b/w US & England, US shared Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada, set northern LA limits, 10 year joint occupation of OR w/o any surrender
106. John C. Calhoun – representative of SC, war hawk, nationalist, against Tariff of 1816 b/c it enriched Yankees & did not build self-sufficiency
107. Daniel Webster – from NH, opposed Tariff, later became nationalistic, believed in high protection
108. Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) background – Spain ceded FL & claims to OR in exchange for US abandonment of claims to Mexico
109. American System – devised by Henry Clay in 1824, protective tariff, funding of canals & roads, raw materials shipped from south & west to north & east, manufactured materials shipped from north & east to south & west
110. Bonus Bill – 1817, Calhoun, give $1.5 million to states for improvements, Madison vetoed it
111. Panic of 1819: causes – deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, overcrowded debtors’ prisons
112. Tallmadge Amendment – no more slaves into MS, gradual emancipation, 1819
113. Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise, MS a slave state, free Maine became state, ended up w/ 12 free & 12 slave states
114. McCulloch v. Maryland – MD tried to destroy branch of BUS, not allowed
115. Cohens v. VA – 1821, sold illegal lottery tickets, found guilty, Marshall gave right of SC to review decisions of state SC’s involving federal gov’t powers
116. Gibbons v. Ogden – 1824, NY attempted to grant monopoly of water commerce b/w NY & NJ
117. Fletcher v. peck – 1810, GA granted 35 million acres to private speculators, canceled it, SC ruled that the grant was a contract, Constitution forbade state laws ruining contracts & protecting property rights against popularity, invalidate state laws
118. Dartmouth v. Woodward – 1819, college given charter by George III in 1769, NH challenged, original charter stood, contracted protected by Constitution against the state, guarding business enterprise from state dominion
119. Adams-Clay bargain – 1824 presidential election, Clay became Secretary of State, Adams became president over Jackson
120. Reasons for the passage of the Tariff of Abominations – make Adams unpopular
121. Jackson-Clay relationship – very stormy, common enemy
122. Denmark Vesey – free black, led SC rebellion, 1822
123. South Carolina Exposition – written by Calhoun, denounced Tariff, states should nullify
124. Nullification – declare null & void within borders of the state
125. Spoils system – rewarding political supporters w/ public office, Jackson involved in it
126. Martin van Buren – NY, got votes so called “Little Magician”
127. Kitchen Cabinet – cabinet plus Jackson’s friends, informal meetings, not unconstitutional
128. Maysville Road – Jackson vetoed in 1830, within Clay’s KY, slapped at American System
129. Webster-Hayne debate – 1829 to 1830, resolution to curb public land sales: Hayne of SC condemned NW & Tariff of Abominations, po-nullifcation, protect southern rights: Webster said people not the states had framed the Constitutions, decried nullification, Supreme Court must judge laws
130. Tariff of 1832 – lowered imposts to about 35% or reduction of 10%, still protective, SC nullified, threatened to secede
131. Compromise Tariff of 1833 - reduce by about 10% over 8 year period, by 1842 rates would be mildly protective, about 20-25% on dutiable goods, proposed by Clay
132. Force Bill – president could use army & navy to collect federal tariff duties
133. Nicholas Biddle – head of BUS, corrupt, controlled many, autocratic & tyrannical bank
134. Wildcat bank – banks in the west, unreliable currency
135. Specie Circular – caused panic of 1837, buy lands w/ hard money only
136. Trail of tears – 1830’s removal of NA’s to OK, forcible march, unconstitutional, thousands died
137. Stephen Austin – 1823, huge land tract, farmers come, had to be Catholic and no slavery, must become Mexicanized
138. Santa Anna – Mexican dictator, wiped out local rights, started raising army, battle of the Alamo, captured in 1836, agreed to withdraw MX troops & recognize Rio Grande as TX boundary, repudiated agreement later
139. Divorce Bill – divorce gov’t from banking, establish independent treasury, gov’t lock surplus $ up, gov’t funds would be safe & denied to banking systems as reserves
140. Pet Banks – supported by Democrats, gov’t & bank together
141. Reasons for founding the Whig party – condemn Jackson, Clay & Calhoun in 1834, censure Jackson for removal of federal deposits from BUS
142. Know Nothing Party – Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849, nativists, pure WASPy stereotypes
143. Two major groups migrating into U.S. – German b/c of crop failures, Irish b/c of famine
144. Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts, cotton gin in 1793
145. Free incorporation – can form company or incorporation, invest in stocks
146. Commonwealth v. Hunt – labor unions not illegal conspiracies, methods had to be honorable & peaceful
147. Cult of Domesticity – woman’s place is in the home [says HE]
148. Lowell System – women recruited to work in factories
149. Cyrus McCormick – 1830s, mechanical mower-reaper
150. Samuel Morse – telegraph, 1844, communication development
151. Elias Howe – sewing machine, 1846, perfected by Isaac Singer, boosted northern industrialization
152. Erie Canal – linked Great Lakes & Hudson River, began 1817, finished 1825
153. Lancaster Road – PA, highway of 62 miles, toll gate, a turnpike
154. National Road – AKA Cumberland Road, highway of 591 miles, finished 1852
155. John Jacob Aster – real estate speculator, estate worth $30 million
156. Deist – believed in reason not revelation, science over the Bible, rejected original sin & Christ’s divinity, believed in Supreme Being
157. Unitarians – spinoff of Deism, God existed in 1 person not in Trinity, stressed goodness of human nature, believe in free will, salvation through good works, God as Loving Father
158. Effects of 2nd Great Awakening – spread to masses through camp meetings, 25 thousand people at a time, stimulated church membership & humanitarian reforms
159. What caused the churches to split – slavery, economy, conservative v. liberal
160. Horace Mann – MASS Board of Ed, for better & more schools, longer terms, higher teacher pay, expand curriculum
161. Noah Webster – “Schoolmaster of the Republic,” reading lessons, dictionary that standardized American English language, all for patriotism
162. William McGuffey – teacher-preacher, wrote grade-school readers, 1830s, morality, patriotism
163. Dorothea Dix – social reform, improve conditions for the mentally ill
164. Goals of Seneca Falls Convention – get the women a vote
165. Personalities of Seneca Falls Convention – Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
166. Transcendentalism – Boston area, 1830s, rejected Locke, all for individualism
167. Henry David Thoreau – “doer” of transcendentalism, Civil Disobedience, Walden
168. John Locke – national empericism, philosopher, for democracy
169. Ralph Waldo Emerson – “sayer,” American Scholar speech @ Harvard, US break away
170. Rational empericism – man learns through 5 senses, man must make rational decisions, democracy is dependent on rationality
171. Oligarchy – gov’t ruled by rich & few, planter aristocracy
172. Nat Turner – 1831, led resurrection, visionary black preacher, killed 60 Virginians, executed when caught
173. American Colonization Society – 1817 started, transport slaves back to Africa
174. American Slavery As It Is – propaganda pamphlet by Weld, 1839
175. Theodore Dwight Weld – simple manner & speech, expelled from seminary in 1834, abolitionist, wrote “American Slavery As It Is”
176. William Lloyd Garrison – newspaper The Liberator, 30 year war of words, 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society
177. Free Soil Party – 1848, founded by political abolitionists
178. Frederick Douglas – black abolitionist, escaped 1838, lectured widely, 1845 biography
179. Gag Bill – 1836, required antislavery bills to be tabled w/o debate (JQA aroused)
180. President Tyler’s problems – no party, 1st to not be elected, entire cabinet but one resigned
181. Caroline affair – 1837, US steamer engaged in carrying supplies, attacked by British, violation of neutrality, revival in 1840
182. Webster-Ashburton Treaty – US keep 7000 of 12000 miles in Maine, British won Halifax-Quebec route, Caroline affair fixed (Battle of the Maps)
183. Manifest Destiny – inherent belief that US should expand & control West
184. Polk’s campaign promises – reannexation of TX, reoccupation of OR, condemned Clay
185. Background to war with Mexico – US to buy CA land, fought over TX
186. Wilmot Proviso – no slavery in territory gained by MX War
187. Spot Resolution – Lincoln requested info as to precise spot on US soil where US blood was shed in MX War, unresolved
188. Popular sovereignty – sovereign people of territory should determine status of slavery in their own state
189. Compromise of 1850 – CA admitted as free state, territory b/w TX & NM given to NM, abolition of slavery in D.C., TX given $10 million, Fugitive Slave Law, remainder of MX cession formed into NM & UT
190. Higher Law – God’s moral law to be obeyed, along w/ man’s law, advocated by Seward (reference to Seward)
191. William Walker – leader of Nicaragua of 1856, legalized slavery, coalition of Central American nations allied to overthrow him, Pierce withdrew diplomatic recognition
192. Gadsden Purchase – 1853 treaty, ceded land to US for $10 million, criticized by North
193. Ostend Manifesto – 3 envoys met in secret, buy Cuba for $120 million, justified in fighting Spain if refused, people found out, dropped the scheme
194. Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, awakened North to slavery, political force book in Europe & in the U.S.
195. Dred Scott decision – 1857, sued for freedom, SC said he couldn’t sue in federal courts, slaves could be taken into any territory & legally held there b/c a slave is property and the gov’t cannot deprive any citizen of his private property
196. Lecompton Constitution – 1857, vote for “with” or “against” slavery only, submitted but voted on as a whole
197. Reasons for Panic of 1857 – CA gold inflated currency, Crimean War overstimulated grain growing, speculation in lands & railroads
198. John Brown – KA, Harpers Ferry he seized federal arsenal in October of 1859, slaves did not rise, killed 7 innocents, was hanged, became martyr
199. Bully Brooks – 1856 Senate, Brooks beat Sumner w/ cane, he resigned & was reelected by SC
200. Lincoln-Douglas debates – 7 held from August to October of 1858, Freeport, Douglas won Senate seat, Lincoln won moral victory
201. Charles Sumner – very disliked in Senate, abolitionist, beaten w/ his own cane
202. Republican platform – against slavery in territories
203. Secession – to break away from country & form your own
204. Crittendon Compromise – slavery in territories prohibited N of 36/30, slavery protected S of that line, future states had the right to choose, Lincoln rejected it
205. Fort Sumter – April 12th 1861, Confederates fired upon N, enraged the N
206. Confederation – VA, AK, TN, NC, TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, SC, FL – Southern states who formed their own gov’t after seceded from the Union
207. Federation – Northern states of the U.S.
208. Border States – MS, KN, MD, DW, WV – slavery still held
209. Habeas Corpus – suspended by Lincoln so anti-unionists could be arrested, defied that it could only be set aside by Congress
210. 3 ways to finance a war – excise taxes increased, levy income tax, customs receipts
211. North’s strategy to win the war – blockade South, keep all supplies in the North
212. Emancipation – January 1st 1863, announced freedom of slaves in Confederation, Border States unaffected
213. Antietam – battle in MD, McClellan halted Lee in September of 1862, one of bitterest & bloodiest of war, Davis never so near victory again, British & French were on verge of diplomatic mediation which was cooled by the strength they saw in Union
214. Copperheads – extreme Peace Democrats, attacked draft & Lincoln & emancipation
215. Clement L. Vallandigham – OH congressman, notorious among Copperheads, banished to Confederate lines, moved to Canada, returned before end of war, not persecuted
216. Freedmen’s Bureau – 1865, created by Congress, intended to be welfare ageny for freedmen & white refugees, give land to black settlers, headed by Howard
217. Wade-Davis Bill – 1864, required 50% voters take oath of allegiance, stronger safeguards for emancipation, Lincoln did not sign
218. Black Codes – laws to regulate affairs of emancipated blacks, ensure stable labor supply, restore race relations of pre-emancipation
219. 10% plan – Reconstruction Plan of 1863, state reintegrated into Union when 10% voters in presidential election of 1860 took allegiance oath to US, abide by emancipation
220. Ku Klux Klan – TN founded in 1866, fright & force, partially effective
221. 13th Amendment – forbade slavery in 1865
222. 14th Amendment – ex slaves made citizens, when states deny citizens the vote representation would be reduced, rebels ineligible for federal & state office, debts for rebels void, 1868
223. 15th Amendment – black males made voters in 1870
224. Reconstruction – upended social & racial systems of South, specific program to change resentful & bitter South
225. Force Acts – 1870 & 1871, federal troops stamp out “lash law,” retaliation to hatred against blacks
226. Seward’s Folly – 1867, Secretary of State, treaty w/ Rusiia, Alaska sold to US for bargain price of $7.2 million, unpopular w/ many Americans
227. Tenure of Office Act – Johnson thought it unconstitutional, 1867, passed despite presidential veto, required president to secure Senate consent before removing appointees once they’d been approved by Senate
228. Boss Tweed – bribery, graft, fraudulent elections, Tweed Ring, NYC, honest cowed into silence, eventually jailed
229. Thomas Nast – NY Times cartoonist, offered bribe by Tweed, refused, exposed him, evidence in 1871, NY Times published despite bribe
230. Fisk & Gould – 1869 plot to corner gold market, dependent on Treasury not releasing gold, worked on Grant, bid price sky high on “Black Friday”
231. Credit Mobilier – RR construction company, hired themselves, overpaid themselves, distributed shares of stock to key congressmen, exposed in 1872
232. Whiskey Ring – 1875 exposed, robbed Treasury of Millions in excise tax revenues, Grant wrote to jury, thief escaped
233. Causes of Panic of 1873 – many bad loans, failure of Jay Cooke & Co, built too much
234. Bland-Allison Act – 1878 compromise, Treasury buy & coin b/w $2 and $4 million worth of silver bullion every month, gov’t bought only legal minimum
235. Crime of 73 – dropped coinage of silver dollars, later new silver discovered, silver prices dropped, many demanded inflation
236. Compromise of 1877 – Democrats agreed Hayes could take office if he withdrew federal troops from LA & SC, Republicans gave Democrats place at presidential patronage trough & support bill subsidizing TX & Pacific RR’s constriction of southern RR line
237. Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896, separate but equal was constitutional (SC ruling)
238. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – guaranteed equal accommodations in public, stopped racial discrimination in jury selection, useless for a long time
239. Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882, barred nearly all Chinese from US for 60 years
240. Pendleton Act – partially divorced politics from patronage, helped drive politicians into convenience “marriages” w/ big business leaders
241. Laissez-faire – gov’t not interfere w/ big business, adopted by Cleveland in 1885
242. Civil Service Commission – established by Pendleton Act, administer open competitive exams to applicants for posts in classified service

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[> Re: REVIEW FROM CHAPTERS 1 THROUGH 24 - from the Worksheets -- carolina, 07:24:38 11/12/04 Fri

this is stupid!

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