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Date Posted: 18:54:14 04/24/02 Wed
Author: mags
Subject: the first half of 25-28...other half will come in time.

i'm trying to type up as much as i can of this section...but it would be a major plus if someone could work on the others. there really isn't too much to do. k. here we go.

257. union pacific railroad- commissioned by congress, went from omaha, nebraska to california. for each mile constructed twenty square miles were granted along with a generous money grant. majority of workers were irish.

258. central pacific railroad- pushed eastward from sacramento. backed by the big four, hired 10,000 chinese laborers.

259. pacific railroad act- right to build the railroads. passed during the civil war and put into effect after the war was over.

260. credit mobilier- a crooked construction company, pocketed 73 million for only 50 million worth of construction. bribed congressmen to look the other way.

261. northern pacific r.r.- went from lake superior to puget sound reached its termenus from 1883.

262. great northern r.r.- only railroad not to recieve federal land grants, completed in 1893, from duluth to seattle, was the creation of james j. hill.

263. southern pacific r.r.- completed in 1884, went from new orleans to los angeles

264. atchison topeka and santa fe r.r.- went from atchison to topeka to santa fe, was completed in 1884.

265. cornelius vanderbilt- big man in the steamboating business, then transferred to railroads. standardized the steal rail.

266. c.f. dowd- creator of standard time zones because the railroads needed exact times. late 1870's, early 1880's.

267. jay gould- big man in the credit mobilier, for nearly 30 years boomed and busted the various different railroads

268. stock watering- railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given lines' assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds for in excess of the railroads actual profit.

269. pool- an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.

270. trust- large, agressive solidation of various different areas in a business. were often unfair and haggled the customers. overpriced and very bad in business for the common man.

271. grange- an organized agrarian group, put great pressure on midwestern legislatures to try to regulate the railroad monopoly.

272. munn v. illinois- munn said gov. could regulate property in the best interest of the state.

273. wabash b. illinois- individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce, ruled in 1886 by the supreme court.

274. interstate commerce act- in 1887, passed by congress establishing the prohibition of rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly.

275. richard olney- one of the leading corporation lawyers of the day, noted that the interstate commerce act could be made of great use to the railroads.

276. andrew carnegie- the steel king, integrated every phase of the steel-making operation- pioneered vertical integration.

277. john d. rockefeller- the oil baron- utilized the horizontal integration method- consolidate with competitors to monopolize a given market. perfected the trust.

278. j. p. morgan- the bankers' banker. eliminated competition ruthlessly. would consolidate rival banks and put his own officers on their board of directors.

279. vertical integration- combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.

280. horizontal integration- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a given market.

281. bessemer process- invented in the 1850's, was a cheap method of making steel- cold air on red-hot iron caused it to be white whot, eliminating impurities.

282. u.s. steel corporation- america's first billion-dollar corporation, remade by j.p. morgan after he bought out carnegie for 400 million.

283. effect on women- more women in the work force, families smaller, not started until much later. increased enrolement in college's- by 1900, 1 in 4 graduates was a woman.

284. sherman anti-trust act- 1890, forbade combinations of restraint of trade but made no distinction between "good" and "bad" trusts. bigness was the sin.

285. pittsburgh plus system- economic discrimination within the steel industry. birmingham steel, which should have been cheap, was charged a fictional fee because of the complaints of pittsburg steel tycoons. they demanded, and won the consession, that all steel should be charged sky-high pittsburgh shipping prices.

286. national labor union- organized in 1866, lasted 6 years and had 600,000 members- skilled, unskilled and farmers. its keynote was social reform and won workers the 8-hour day. the depression of the 1870's killed the union.

287. knights of labor- noble and holy order of the knights of labor, begun 1869 as a secret society. was a big force to be reckoned with. only liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers and stockbrokers were excluded from their ranks.

288. american federation of labor- 1886, child of samuel gompers, consisted of an association of self-governing national unions with their own independence and the a.f.l. unifying their overal strategy.

289. elements of city life- by 1900 4 out of 10 americans lived in cities. nyc was 3.5 million people strong, second largest next to london. cities were growing up and out- but were very dity and crime was on the rise.

290. old immigrants- fitted easily into the american way of life, from north and western europe, more accepted on the whole. often spoke english and agreed with democracies policies.

291. new immigrants- from southern and eastern europe, often very poor with high illiteracy rates, didn't speak the language and came from countries with dictatorships and very orthadox churches.

292. social gospel- churches tackle the social issues of the day and age in their preaching. rauschenbusch and gladden ruled the field.

293. jane addams- started the hull house, was an urban american saint, offered immigrants and the impoverished instruction in english, counseling to help cope with big-city life, childcare services and cultural activities.

294. florence kelley- lifelong battler for women, children, blacks and consumers. was secretary of the national consumers league for thirty years.

295. lilliam wald- opened henry street settlement in new york, 1893.

296. nativism- antirforeignism. reared out again in the 1880's.

297. chinese exclusion act- 1882. chinese were barred completely from entering the united states. first major immigration law like this.

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HR size=1 noshade>Replies:

[> Re: the first half of 25-28...other half will come in time. -- juan, 13:32:58 12/08/03 Mon

i need to find out the french involment in the american revilution. if their is any one that can help please e-mail me thank you

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