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Subject: 公禱書的翻譯與聖公會命名的歷史關係(二)


Author:
Ignatius
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Date Posted: 13:13:11 03/22/05 Tue
In reply to: 原載教聲 's message, "公禱書的翻譯與聖公會命名的歷史關係(一)" on 14:39:32 03/17/05 Thu

公禱書的翻譯與聖公會命名的歷史關係(二)
(潘牧師現任職於新加坡三一神學院亞洲基督教研究中心)

禱文書的歷史回顧

翻譯與印刷事工,是十九世紀初期新教(基督教)來華的首要任務。南京條約簽訂後,基督教宣教據點北移到福州與上海。但之前,澳門與馬六甲是翻譯與出版的據點。對當時的翻譯工作,我們往往較注意宣教士在聖經中譯上的貢獻,以及他們在『Elohim、theos』的中譯, 應該是『神』、『上帝』、『天主』、抑或『上主』等等。其實,早期的宣教士所關注的,不但是在傳揚福音,派發聖經單張, 也關注到如何為華人的基督徒進行教導與牧養。這就是說,禱文書、要理問答、主禱文、使徒信經等也是他們編訂中文資料中的重要項目。

早期宣教士對這些與教會相關的翻譯對基督教的發展影響至深。文字可以規範一種意識形態。譬如,如何中譯 bishop、priest與 church關係到基督徒群體組織內權力架構的樣式。

十九世紀公禱書華譯的工作,主要的編者包括倫敦會的馬禮遜(Morrison)與麥都思(Medhurst),英國安立甘會(Church Missionary Society)的慕稼?(George Evans Moule)、包爾騰(John Shaw Burdon)(即後來的維多利亞教區主教),與美國監督會宣教部(Protestant Episcopal Missionary Society in the United States for Foreign and Domestic Missions)的文惠廉(William Boone)、施約瑟 (Joseph Schereschewsky)(後來任上海的主教)。

馬禮遜在一八一八年於馬六甲出版的『年中每日早晚祈禱敘式』,可算是第一本華譯的公禱文。全文只有三十頁,是英國教會早晚禱文的華譯。他為華人基督教建立基本詞匯。他把Minister 譯為『牧者』,稱信經為『使徒敬信全言』,在文本中以『聖公會者』來形容教會。之後的早期的宣教士跟隨這翻譯,往往稱基督徒群體為『聖會』。譬如,米鄰(Milne)著作的標題《上帝聖教公會門》、與郭實獵(Gutzlaff)的《聖會禱咨》和《聖會之史》便是明證。(早期基督教宣教士出版的書籍目錄、請參閱Alexander Wylie, Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese: Giving a List of their Publications, and Obituary Notices of the Deceased. American Presbyterian Mission Press,1867;其中部分收集在 哈佛燕京基督教宣教士中文著作縮微)。

馬禮遜死後、施美夫(George Smith)主教依賴麥都思 (Medhurst)翻譯英國公禱文,一八五五年在香港聖保羅書院出版的《禱告文全書》是參照較早前麥都思於一八四四年在上海翻譯的禮文。期間、慕稼殼(George Evan Moule)在寧波翻譯公禱文成為當地方言,出版羅馬拼音的公禱書。與此同時,美國文惠廉(William Boone)主教於上海也從事翻譯,把美國監督會公禱文逐步翻譯成上海話的禱文書。詳情參看附表(1):部份華文公禱書出版演變一覽表。

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公禱書的翻譯與聖公會命名的歷史關係(三)Ignatius22:39:44 04/01/05 Fri


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